Risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications following transoral operation for the atlanta-axis disorders / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>to evaluate the risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications following transoral operation for the atlanta-axis disorders.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>total 104 cases were collected from January 2005 to June 2009. Twelve variables among patients with PPCs and without PPCs were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications following transoral operation for the atlanta-axis disorders was 22.1% (23/104). There was significantly difference in 9 variables between patients with PPCs and without PPCs, and 5 variables as serum albumin < 35 g/L (OR = 15.185, P = 0.003), tracheotomy (OR = 32.254, P = 0.015), Frankle grade (OR = 8.866, P = 0.001), the duration of intubation > 4 d (OR = 7.934, P = 0.002), the duration of surgery > 6 h (OR = 16.889, P = 0.006) were found to be significantly related to the development to postoperative pulmonary complications by multivariate analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>serum albumin < 35 g/L, tracheotomy, Frankle grade, the duration of intubation > 4 d, the duration of surgery > 6 h are the risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications following transoral operation for the atlanta-axis disorders.</p>

The Effect of X -irradiation on Lens Development / 체질인류학회지

For the study the effects of X -ray irradiation on the development of lens and interactions between optic vesicle and lens, 200 rads X -ray irradiated to the preganat rats (Sprague -Dawley strain) on gestation day 9.5. The rats were sacrificed daily from the gestation day 10.5 to 17.5, and investigated the development of lens with light microscope. The results were as follows; 1. The survival rate of X -irradiated rat fetuses was decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 2. The mean body weight of the X -irradiated rat fetuses was decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 3. The congenital anomalies of the eye in the rat fetuses after X -irradiation were anophthalmia, congenital aphakia, lens aplasia, lens luxation, and coloboma of the retina. 4. The critical period of lens development of the Sprague -Dawley rats was considered from GD 9. 5 to GD 10.0. 5. In the X -irradiated rat fetuses on gestation day 9.5, optic vesicle did not developed, but lens developed independently , and moved deeply toward the forebrain vesicle. According to above results, it could be concluded that the development of lens from surface ectoderm might be independent from the inductive influence of optic vesicle, and the movement of lens toward the forebrain vesicle could be mediated by chemotactic factors secreted from the brain vesicle. Further studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms of lens development and interaction between lens and brain vesicle.

Mastoid Foramen and Superficial Mastoid Canals of Korean Men / 체질인류학회지

The mastoid foramina and the superficial mastoid canals at the mastoid area are well known to have much clinical and anthropological significances. However, few sutdies on these structures were reported. Authors performed this study to analyze those structures of the Korean men, and compared with other populations. The existence, number, location of matoid foramen, distance from the posterior border of the opening of external acoustic meatus were measured. In addition, the existence, shape and the direction of the superficial mastoid canals were investigated. The results were as follows; 1. Among the 67 skulls of Korean men, there was no mastoid foramen on both sides in 1 case. In 10 cases, there was mastoid foramen on right side only, and in 4 cases left side only. In 52 cases (77.6%), there was mastoid foramen on both sides. 2. In the incidence of mastoid foramen, 1 in 27 cases, 2 in 23 cases and 3 in 11 cases on the right side, and 1 in 25 cases, 2 in 22 cases and 3 in 17 cases on the left side were found. 3. 64.0% of mastoid foramina located on the temporal bone, 28.5% were on the occipitomastoid suture, 5.2% were on the occipital bone, 1.9% were on parietomastoid suture, and 1 case on the parietal bone. 4. In the sidedness of mastoid foramen, 1-1 foramen on each side was 15 cases, 2-2 foramina on each side was 10 cases, 1-2 foramina on right-left side was 8 cases, and 0-0 on each side, 2-4 on right-left side, and 4-3 on right-left side were 1 case respectively. 5. The average diameter of mastoid foramen was 2.0+/-0.69 mm, and the distance from the posterior margin of the external acoustic meatus was 33.6+/-3.69 mm. There was no significant differences between right and left sides. 6. The superficial mastoid canals appeared in 23 cases (34.3%), among which 12 cases were on right side and 11 cases were on left side. 14 canals were straight in shape, 2 were grooved, and others were arched, sigmoid or bridged. 21 canals directed toward parietal bone and others directed occipital bone. According to the above results, the existence, number, size and the distance from external acoustic meatus of mastoid foramina, and the incidence, shapes and directions of superficial mastoid canals were much variable. Of course, these variations would have great clinical significances during the neurosurgical and otolaryngeal surgery. These data would contribute to study epigenetic study of minor variations of skull and anthropological study.

The Expression of Aphidicolin Induced Fragile Sites in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes / 대한해부학회지

An aphidicolin is a chemical agent which selectively inhibits DNA polymerase alpha in S phase of cell cycle. The purpose of this study is toinvestigate of chromosomal abnormalities including fragile sites induced by 0.2 microgram/ml and 0.4 ng/ml aphidicolin in lymphocyte cultures of six healthy individuals. The results were follows. 1. A significant decreasing in mitotic indexes in respect to control culture was observed with both aphidicolin concentrations used. 2. The cells showing chromosome aberrations and the total number of cytogeneticic alterations were significantly increased both aphidicolin treated cultures than control cultures. 3. The total numbers of chromosomal aberrations were increased in the concentration of 0.4 microgram/ml aphidicolin compared to 0.2 microgram/ml treated groups. 4. The most frequent type of chromosomal aberration is a gap. 5. A site showing a gap or break was defined as common fragile sites (c-fra) if it appeared more than 1% of cells analyzed and in at least three of six individuals studied with the same culture treatment. Using these criteria, 3p14, 4q12, 5p13, 6q16, 9p13, and 16q23 were induced in different proportions by different concentration of aphidicolin and four of these c-fras, 4q12, 5p13, 6q16, 9p13 have not been reported so far. This results support that aphidicolin induced fragile sites differently according to cultured cell or cultured conditions, and also suggest the mechanism that common fragile sites caused be closely related with the defect of DNA synthesis in the S phase of cell cycle.

5-Fluorouracil-Induced Apoptosis in the Rat Thymus / 체질인류학회지

Thymocyte death has been recognized as one of the best characterized experimental models of apoptosis that can be induced by a variety of stimuli such as glucocorticoids, ionizing radiation, anticancer drugs and toxins. The aim of this study was to investigate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis in the rat thymus morphologically. Sprague Dawley rats were injected intramuscularly with 5-FU 100mg/kg body weight and 200mg/kg body weight, and were then sacrificed on day 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 after treatment. H-E stain and the TUNEL method using the ApopTag kit were used. The results were as follows: 1. On day 1 and 3 after 5-FU treatment, thin cortex and prominent reduction of thymocytes in the cortex were detected. The degree of change was more extensive in the 5-FU 200 mg/kg-treated group than in the 5-FU 100 mg/kg-treated group. Pleomorphic apoptotic cells detected in the cortex were increased in the 5-FU 200mg/kgtreated group and on day 3 after treament. 2. In the 5-FU 100mg/kg-treated group, germinal centers appeared in the cortex on day 6 after treatment starting recovery. Formation of germinal centers continued to day 9 after treatment. In the germinal centers, there were large numbers of typical round apoptotic cells. The thymus exhibited normal architecture on day 12 after treatment. In the 5-FU 200 mg/kg-treated group, however, there were some that did not recover from involution of the thymus on day 6 after treatment and showed fibrosis with decrease of thymocytes and increase of connective tissue to day 9 after treatment. Others recovered and occurred similar changes to the 5-FU 100mg/kgtreated group. 3. 5-FU-induced pleomorphic apoptosis appeared mainly in the cortex and increased gradually depending on dose up to day 1, 3 after treatment. Apoptosis in the germinal centers first occurred from day 6 after treatment and revealed typical large round apoptotic cells. According to the above results, it is thought that 5-FU has an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis, cell death and involution on surrounding tissue by direct action on thymocytes. The effect continues upto day 3~4 after treatment. Meanwhile, along with the recovery of the thymus from day 6 after treatment, new germinal centers appeared and active lymphocytes production occurred in the germinal centers, which was considered as compensatory reaction. To eliminate enormous B cells newly produced in the germinal center, active apoptosis would occur.