The Effects of Bronchiectasis on Asthma Exacerbation / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis and asthma are different in many respects, but some patients have both conditions. Studies assessing the effect of bronchiectasis on asthma exacerbation are rare. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of bronchiectasis on asthma exacerbation. METHODS: We enrolled 2,270 asthma patients who were followed up in our hospital. Fifty patients had bronchiectasis and asthma. We selected fifty age- and sex-matched controls from the 2,220 asthma patients without bronchiectasis, and assessed asthma exacerbation and its severity based on the annual incidence of total asthma exacerbation, annual prevalence of steroid use, and frequency of emergency room visits and hospitalizations due to asthma exacerbation in each group. RESULTS: Fifty patients (2.2%) had bronchiectasis and asthma. The annual incidence of asthma exacerbation was higher in patients with asthma and bronchiectasis than in patients with asthma alone (1.08+/-1.68 vs. 0.35+/-0.42, p=0.004). The annual prevalence of steroid use (0.9+/-1.54 vs. 0.26+/-0.36, p=0.006) and the frequency of emergency room visits (0.46+/-0.84 vs. 0.02+/-0.13, p=0.001) due to asthma exacerbation were also higher in patients with asthma and bronchiectasis than in patients with asthma alone. CONCLUSION: Bronchiectasis is associated with difficult asthma control.

Erratum: The Effects of Bronchiectasis on Asthma Exacerbation / 결핵및호흡기질환

In the reference list, reference 16 should be omitted. Reference numbers in the text and in the reference list must be changed accordingly.

Refractory Duodenal Crohn's Disease Successfully Treated with Infliximab

Crohn's disease (CD) may involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. Approximately >90% of cases occur in the small bowel and colon. Upper gastrointestinal involvement, especially duodenal manifestation, is relatively rare. Therefore, adequate medical treatment for duodenal CD has not yet been established. We report a case of CD with duodenal involvement. A 46-year-old man with Crohn's ileocolitis presented to our hospital with right upper quadrant pain. An endoscopy showed a deep excavated ulcer with deformity at the duodenal bulb, and he was initially treated with azathioprine (1 mg/kg), Pentasa (3.0 g/day), and a proton pump inhibitor for 1 year. However, the deep ulcer did not heal. Therefore, infliximab infusion therapy was initiated, and the duodenal lesion completely resolved on follow-up esophagogastroduodenoscopy. We report a case of duodenal CD that completely resolved following infliximab infusion, with a review of the literature.

Attenuation of Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Astroglial and Microglial Activation by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes not only loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury but also chronic pain, which is difficult and challenging of the treatment. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the motor cortex, of non-invasive therapeutic methods, has the motor and sensory consequences and modulates pain in SCI-patients. In the present study, we studied the effectiveness of rTMS and the relationship between the modulation of pain and the changes of neuroglial expression in the spinal cord using a rat SCI-induced pain model. Elevated expressions of Iba1 and GFAP, specific microglial and astrocyte markers, was respectively observed in dorsal and ventral horns at the L4 and L5 levels in SCI rats. But in SCI rats treated with 25 Hz rTMS for 8 weeks, these expressions were significantly reduced by about 30%. Our finding suggests that this attenuation of activation by rTMS is related to pain modulation after SCI. Therefore, rTMS might provide an alternative means of attenuating neuropathic pain below the level of SCI.

Relation of Absolute or Relative Adiposity to Insulin Resistance, Retinol Binding Protein-4, Leptin, and Adiponectin in Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND: Central fat mass (CFM) correlates with insulin resistance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications; however, peripheral fat mass (PFM) is associated with insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of absolute and relative regional adiposity to insulin resistance index and adipokines in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Total of 83 overweighted-Korean women with type 2 diabetes were enrolled, and rate constants for plasma glucose disappearance (KITT) and serum adipokines, such as retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4), leptin, and adiponectin, were measured. Using dual X-ray absorptiometry, trunk fat mass (in kilograms) was defined as CFM, sum of fat mass on the lower extremities (in kilograms) as PFM, and sum of CFM and PFM as total fat mass (TFM). PFM/TFM ratio, CFM/TFM ratio, and PFM/CFM ratio were defined as relative adiposity. RESULTS: Median age was 55.9 years, mean body mass index 27.2 kg/m2, and mean HbA1c level 7.12+/-0.84%. KITT was positively associated with PMF/TFM ratio, PMF/CFM ratio, and negatively with CFM/TFM ratio, but was not associated with TFM, PFM, or CFM. RBP4 levels also had a significant relationship with PMF/TFM ratio and PMF/CFM ratio. Adiponectin, leptin, and apolipoprotein A levels were related to absolute adiposity, while only adiponectin to relative adiposity. In correlation analysis, KITT in type 2 diabetes was positively related with HbA1c, fasting glucose, RBP4, and free fatty acid. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increased relative amount of peripheral fat mass may aggravate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.

Sequential Changes of CX3CR1 in Dorsal Root Ganglion in a Rat Model of Lumbar Disc Herniation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pain-related behaviors and the changes of CX3CR1 expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. METHOD: A total of 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. A laminectomy was performed to expose left L5 nerve roots and corresponding DRG. Autologous nucleus puplosus was implanted on the left L5 nerve root proximal to the DRG without mechanical compression. Sham operation was also done with the same procedure as mentioned above. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were assessed at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after surgery. Real time PCR and immunohistochemistry after behavioral test were performed. RESULTS: In the lumbar disc herniation rats, significant reduction of thermal withdrawal latency indicating thermal hyperalgesia was shown on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p<0.01) and peaked on day 10 (p<0.05) and maintained throughout day 30 (p<0.05). The reduction of mechanical allodynia threshold, indicating mechanical allodynia, was observed on the ipsilateral hindpaw on postoperative day 1 (p<0.01) and continued throughout day 30 (p<0.01). Real time PCR showed the decrease in mRNA expression of CX3CR1 in the ipsilateral DRG on day 1 (p<0.05) and the significant increase on day 20 (p<0.05). The immunoreactivity for CX3CR1 was also increased in ipsilateral DRG on day 10 and 20. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that lumbar disc herniation induces thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia and upregulates the expression of CX3CR1 in dorsal root ganglion. Expression of CX3CR1 might be associated with subacute neuropathic pain after intervertebral disc herniation.

A Case of Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Due to Subglottic Pressure Injury after Endotracheal Intubation: A Case Report / 대한구급학회지

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis may occur as a result of mechanical injury during neck surgery, nerve compression by endotracheal intubation or mass, trauma, and neuromuscular diseases. However, only a few cases of bilateral vocal cord paralysis have occurred following short-term endotracheal intubation. We report a case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis subsequent to extubation after endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation due to severe pneumonia for 2 days.

Short-Term Effects of Pulsed Radiofrequency on Chronic Refractory Cervical Radicular Pain

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of pulsed radiofrequency on the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in patients with chronic refractory cervical radicular pain. METHOD: Fifteen patients (13 males, 2 females; mean age, 55.9 years) with chronic radicular pain due to cervical disc herniation or foraminal stenosis refractory to active rehabilitative management, including transforaminal cervical epidural steroid injection and exercise, were selected. All patients received pulsed radiofrequency on the symptomatic cervical dorsal root ganglion and were carefully evaluated for neurologic deficits and side effects. The clinical outcomes were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a neck disability index (NDI) before treatment, one and three months after treatment. Successful pain relief was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in the VAS score as compared with the pre-treatment score. After three months, we categorized the patients' satisfaction. RESULTS: The average VAS for radicular pain was reduced significantly from 5.3 at pretreatment to 2.5 at 3 months post-treatment (p<0.05). Eleven of 15 patients (77.3%) after cervical pulsed RF stimulation reported pain relief of 50% or more at the 3 month follow-up. The average NDI was significantly reduced from 44.0% at pretreatment to 35.8% 3 months post-treatment (p<0.05). At 3 months post-treatment, eleven of fifteen patients (73.3%) were satisfied with their status. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the application of pulsed radiofrequency on DRG might be an effective short-term intervention for chronic refractory cervical radicular pain. Further studies, including a randomized controlled trial with long-term follow-up, are now needed.