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Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major concern in clinical practice. Reporting of ADRs either through health care professionals or the patients themselves is of utmost importance to give an accurate estimate of the prevalence, severity and preventability of ADRs. Present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital in Hubballi, Karnataka, India.Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, extending over 6 months (May 2019 to October 2019). A total of 124 cases comprising patients of either sex and age group ranging from 1month to 72 years were studied. The data was collected using CDSCO ADR reporting form. 揘aranjo抯 Assessment Scale� was used for causality assessment and severity assessment was done in accordance with 揌artwig and Siegel scale�.Results: The study showed majority of ADRs were from General Medicine department and affected skin and appendages (59%). Skin rashes 44 (31.7%) were found to be the most commonly reported ADRs most of them were with antimicrobials 67 (54%). After causality assessment 83 (66.9%) of the cases were classified as probable and 41 (33.1%) were classified as possible. Majority of serious ADRs were not preventable in our study.Conclusions: ADRs are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Frequency of ADRs can be reduced by careful follow up and a robust hospital-based pharmacovigilance setup. Measures to improve detection and reporting of adverse drug reactions by all health care professionals is recommended.
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Background: Histamine is an important mediator of allergic reactions. Even though presently available antihistaminics are effective in treatment of allergic reactions, still there is scope for better new drugs. Quercetin has been used as a nutritional supplement and may be beneficial against a variety of diseases. Some of the beneficial effects include anticancer, antitumor, anti-ulcer, anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory effects. As quercetin is used in traditional system of medicine for treatment of allergies, this study was undertaken to evaluate antihistaminic activity of quercetin.Methods: In histamine induced bronchospasm model, 18 guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups. Control group received normal saline, standard control group received Chlorpheniramine and test group received Quercetin. All drugs were given once daily for 5 days. Preconvulsive dyspnoea was calculated on day 0 and day 5 for all guinea pigs after administration of Histamine aerosol. In clonidine induced catalepsy model, 18 albino mice were divided into 3 groups. Control group, standard control group and test group received normal saline, Chlorpheniramine and Quercetin respectively. One hour after administration of drugs the mice were given clonidine and catalepsy was measured at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min.Results: In histamine induced bronchospasm model, both chlorpheniramine and quercetin produced significant protection as compared to control group. In clonidine induced catalepsy model the effect of quercetin was comparable to chlorpheniramine.Conclusions: Quercetin has significant antihistaminic activity. It appears to be due to H1 receptor blockade, contrary to the belief that it inhibits release of histamine from mast cells.
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Background: Blood clotting is a process which prevents blood loss during injuries. Blood clots even when it is coming out from the blood vessels. Aloe vera is a perennial plant found all over India. It is commonly used in traditional system of medicine for treatment of wound healing, mouth ulcers, constipation, skin wrinkles and diabetes mellitus It is also used as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. As it is used in traditional system of medicine for wound healing, this study was under taken to test the possible haemostatic effect of aloe vera.Methods: 12 rats were divided into two groups (control and test) with 6 rats in each group. Determination of Bleeding Time (BT), rat tail was warmed for one minute in water at 40?C and then dried. A small cut was made in the middle of the tail with a scalpel. In test group, a drop of aloe vera leaf extract was applied on the injured area immediately after making the cut in the middle of the tail, where as in the control group nothing was applied, and BT estimated. Determination of Clotting Time (CT), 12 test tubes were arranged in water bath at 37?C. Control Group: 0.4 ml of blood was collected from each rat in the control group and added to 6 test tubes kept in the water bath. Test group: For the remaining 6 test tubes 0.1 ml of aloe vera leaf extract was added. 0.4 ml of blood collected from the test group was added to these test tubes. The CT was estimated for both control group and test group.Results: The results were statistically analyzed by using unpaired t-test. The reduction in BT and CT for test group was statistically highly significant (p<0.001) compared to control group.Conclusions: In this study aloe vera leaf extract significantly reduced both BT and CT in the test group.
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Background: Topical calcitriol and calcipotriol, the two vitamin D derivatives although considered efficient in treating psoriasis, their comparative studies are relatively scanty. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of calcitriol and calcipotriol in stable chronic plaque-type psoriasis.Methods: Total 50 patients of chronic stable plaque-type psoriasis were randomly divided into two groups of 25 each. One group received calcitriol 3礸/g ointment and the other group received calcipotriol 50礸/g ointment twice daily for 12 weeks. Efficacy evaluations comprised global improvement (on a 4-point scale from 0: no change, to 3: clear or almost clear) assessed clinically and by the subject. Efficacy further included the 慸ermatological sum score� (DSS) at each study visit. Safety evaluations (on a 5-point scale from 0: none, to 4: very severe) included clinical assessment of cutaneous safety and assessment of cutaneous discomfort by the subject.Results: Both calcitriol and calcipotriol were significantly effective (p <0.001) in reduction of DSS but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Mean score of global improvement assessed clinically was 2.20 for calcitriol and 2.16 for calcipotriol (p >0.05) and by the subject was 1.92 for calcitriol and 1.84 for calcipotriol (p >0.05). The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. The mean worst score for cutaneous safety was higher in calcipotriol group compared to calcitriol group (0.28 vs 0.04 and 0.36 vs 0.04 by clinically and by the subject, respectively). Statistically significant better safety profile (p <0.05) was seen for calcitriol, only when assessed by the subject. 24% treatment related adverse events were reported with calcipotriol against only 4% with calcitriol.Conclusions: Topical calcitriol and calcipotriol showed similar efficacy in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis while calcitriol showed better safety profile in comparison with calcipotriol, in terms of local tolerance and induced less treatment related adverse events.
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Background: Most important adverse effect of NSAID is peptic ulceration. Even though H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors are effective in preventing NSAID associated peptic ulceration, they are not without side effects. Hence there is a need for drugs which are effective in preventing NSAID induced peptic ulcer without producing side effects. Two plant products Aloe vera leaf extract and Aegle marmalos leaves are commonly used in Indian traditional medicine for treatment of peptic ulcers. Hence this study is undertaken to assess the antiulcerogenic potential of combination of these two drugs in comparison with ranitidine in preventing NSAID induced peptic ulcers.Methods: 18 albino rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group A: received ulcerogen only. Group B: pretreated with ranitidine before exposing to ulcerogen. Group C: pretreated with combination of Aloe vera and Aegle marmelos before exposing to ulcerogen. Two doses of indomethacin were administered at an interval of 15 hrs. Animals were sacrificed 6 hrs after the second dose of Indomethacin. Number of ulcers was noted, and ulcer index was calculated.Results: There was significant reduction in total score, mean score and ulcer index in ranitidine pretreated group and test compound group as compared to control group. Even though the total score and ulcer index in test group were lesser as compared to standard control group, it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Combination of Aloe vera leaf extract and Aegle marmelos leaf extract produced very significant protection against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer.
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Background: Diphtheria is a fatal bacterial infection which affects the mucous membranes of oropharyngeal and nasal cavity, caused by aerobic gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. With the advent of universal immunization against diphtheria the incidence of this infectious disease has declined dramatically with few developed nations having eradicated the disease. No large outbreaks have been reported in India in recent times.Methods: In present study, authors reviewed an outbreak of diphtheria in Davangere between the months of June 2017 and July 2018. Case records of children suspected to have diphtheria, admitted to hospitals affiliated to JJM Medical College, Davangere were retrospectively analysed.Results: 15 cases were suspected to have diphtheria on clinical examination. The mean age of presentation was 7.5 years. Fever, sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, neck swelling and patch in oral cavity were the common signs and symptoms. Airway compromise, myocarditis and neurological complications were noted. Antidiphtheritic serum (ADS) was tried in all 15 cases. Case fatality rate was 40%.Conclusions: Diphtheria is a resurgent problem in India. Prompt identification and early appropriate treatment is essential to prevent morbidity and mortality. Strict adherence to the national immunisation schedule should also be emphasized.