[Introduction of an experimental model for the rapid destruction of hair cells: the use of DPOAEs in assessment of rat ear function]

The aim of thos survey is establishment of an animal model through which a rapid distortion of the hair cell of cochlea administering amikacin and furosemide and using distortion product otoacoustic emission [DPOAE] the functioning of rat's ear would be assessed. Forty-eight male Sprague dawley rats [with average of weight 200-250g, 12 weeks post natal] were randomly divided into six equal groups. Except the control group the rest received 0.5mg/g, 0.75mg/g, 1mg/g, 1.25mg/g, and 1.5mg/g, of subcutaneous amikacin respectively. 30 minutes later every rat received 0.1mg/g of furosemide intrapritoneally. DPOAE of rats was measured prior to these injections and 72 hours later. Then tissue section of the rat's cochlea was prepared.Data were analyzed by means of SPSS [version 17] and ANOVA test and paired sample T test at the significant level of p

Prophylactic effects of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na on HD-induced corneal epithelium of rabbits in acute phase

Background and Purpose: Eyes are among the most sensitive organs to chemical agents especially Sulfur mustard or Hun Distilled. Therapeutic effects of anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown on the decrease of epithelium of corneal injuries after being exposed to sulfur mustard. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of topically applied Bethametazone - Diclofenac Na in rabbits

Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, thirty six rabbits were used. Animals were randomly divided into six equal groups [6 rabbits in each group] including control, solution and mustard groups and prophylaxis groups included Betamethasone, Diclofenac Na; Betamethasone-Diclofenac Na were applied before being exposed to the sulfur mustard solution. Animals were kept for 2 weeks and the drugs were used 3 times a day for 2 weeks. Slit-lamp examinations were performed under anesthesia before exposure and subsequently at days 1, 2, 5, 7, and 14 after sulfur mustard exposure by ophthalmologists. At the end of the 14th day, specimens of cornea were obtained for ultrastructural evaluation of corneal epithelium. Statistical analysis was performed by one way analysis of variance [ANOVA] with Tukey's test using SPSS 13 software

Results: No significant differences were found between the control and solvent groups as far as the variables were concerned. Corneal epithelial defect and severe changes in ultrastructure of corneal epithelial surface was found in the sulfur mustard group. Clinically, corneal epithelial defect in prophylactic Diclofenac Na group [4.2 +/- 1.32] decreased significantly when compared to the mustard group [68.7 +/- 8.42] [P=0.034]. Betamethasone-Diclofenac Na group [4.2 +/- 1.17] also decreased significantly when compared to the mustard group [68.7 +/- 8.42] [P=0.031]. The corneal epithelial defect was not seen in prophylactic Betamethasone group. Ultrastructural damage of corneal epithelial surface and their microvillus in Betamethasone group was similar to the control group

Conclusion: Betamethazone is capable of protecting corneal epithelial defect in the eyes of rabbits exposed to sulfur mustard

Antispasmodic effects of Pycnocycla spinosa seed and aerial part extracts on rat ileum and uterus smooth muscle contractions

Hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa has a relaxant effect on ileum and inhibits castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice. However, effects of P. spinosa seed extracts on ileum and uterus hasn't been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of P. spinosa seed and extracts of the aerial part on rat ileum and uterus smooth muscle contraction. A 70% ethanol extract of seed and aerial parts of P. spinosa was prepared by a percolation method. Uterine horns or ileum were dissected from non-pregnant female Wistar rats [200-230g] and cut into longitudinal strips and mounted for isotonic recording under Ig tension in Tyrode's solution. Effects of the extracts were examined on tonic contractions induced by KC1 [80mM] on both tissues and on phasic spasm induced by oxytocin [0.002iu/ml] on the uterus. The aerial part extract inhibited rat ileum contractions induced by 80mM KC1 [IC[50] = 42 +/- 3.4 micro g/ml] in a concentration dependent manner and it also inhibited rat uterus contraction induced by 80 mM KC1. However, its inhibitory effects were observed with higher concentration of the extract [IC5o = 420+90 micro g/ml] and at concentration of 1.28mg/ml of the extract in the bath the response was 19+7%. The aerial part extract [40-640 micro g/ml] also reduced the evoked phasic response of uterus by oxytocin [IC[50] = 71 +/- 17.3 micro g/ml]. The seed extract reduced the uterus response to oxytocin in a concentration-dependent manner, and inhibited tissue response completely at 160 micro g/ml [IC[50] = 27 +/- 4 micro g/ml]. From this study it was concluded that the seed extract of P. spinosa have similar inhibitory properties on rat isolated uterus and ileum contractions, while the extract of the aerial part of P. spinosa is more selective inhibitor of ileum contraction, and at higher concentrations it also inhibits uterus spasm

[Effects of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na on sulfur mustard induced conjunctival epithelial and goblet cells injuries of rabbits in acute phase]

Sulfur mustard, Bis [2-chlorethy1] sulfide [HD], is one of the first chemical warfare agents to be used on a large scale. Anti inflammatory treatments might have the potential to prevent some aspects of the primary development of HD-induced lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate treatment effects of topically applied betamethasone [B] and diclofenac-Na [D] on the conjunctival epithelial lesions following HD exposure. A total of 36 rabbits were used. Animals were randomly divided to three control groups: [1] normal; [2] solution; [3] HD and three experimental groups: [4] betamethasone; [5] diclofenac-Na and [6] betamethasone-diclofenac-Na [BD]. In each group six animals were examined. Right eye of all animals was selected for experiment. In the experimental groups betamethasone and diclofenac-Na were applied after using HD solution. Application of drugs was performed 3 times a day for 2 weeks. Slit-lamp examinations were performed before exposure and subsequently at days 1, 2, 5, 7, and 14 by professional ophthalmologists. Animals were sacrificed after two weeks with chloroform. The eyes were enucleated. Specimens of palpebra were obtained for histological examination. There was not any significant difference between normal and solution groups. HD caused a significant decrease in goblet cells and cell infiltration in conjunctiva, injection and chemosis. All experimental groups were better than the HD group. Betamethasone in combination with diclofenac-Na was more effective than betamethasone and diclofenac-Na alone in decreasing eye injuries. Combination of betamethasone and diclofenac-Na are potential candidates for the treatment of ocular lesions following HD exposure

[Effects of high frequency electromagnetic radiation [27.12 MHz] on ultrastructure of bone formation in the rat embryos]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high frequency electromagnetic radiation [27.12 MHz] on ultrastructure of bone in the rat embryos

Material and Methods: Three experimental groups were formed: Experimental group 1 was exposed continuously during the pregnancy period from day 0 through day 6, Experimental group 2 from day 7 through day 13 and Experimental group 3 from day 14 through day 20 of gestation. These experimental groups were exposed to 10 W/cm2 at 27.12 MHz radiation for 15 minutes twice daily for 7 days. Total exposure time for each rat was 210 minutes. Three Sham exposure groups were also exposed to 0 W/cm2 for 15minutes twice daily for 7 days. The Control group had no exposure. Ultrastructure of mid-diaphysis of tibia from twenty one 21 day old rat embryos were studied by transmission electron microscope

Results: The results showed that colonic temperature of experimental rats were increased. Ultrastructure of mid-diaphysial portion of tibia in the experimental rats revealed cytoplasmic vacuolization and shrinkage, degeneration of some organelles, nuclear condensation in the osteoblasts and decreased of amount of bony trabecula in the extracellular matrix. These degenerative changes were increased in experimental groups especially in experimental group 2 that received radiation during 7 through 13 days of gestation

Conclusion: The results showed that high frequency radiation caused structural changes in exposed osteoblasts and it retarded bone formation in the rat embryos

Inhibitory Effect of Ketoifen on Contractions of Rat Isolated Bladder

Ketotifen is a benzocycloheptathiophene with a range of pharmacological activities. The present study was carried out to evaluate the action of ketotifen on isolated rat bladder contractions induced by KCl and acetylcholine, compared with the effects of other drugs. Ketotifen [5 micro M] reduced the response to acetylcholine on rat isolated bladder without altering the maximum response and shifted the acetylcholine concentration-response curve to the right 16 - fold. Ketotifen also reduced the KC1response, while atropine only inhibited the response to acetylcholine. Diazoxide inhibited bladder - induced contraction only at high concentration [500 micro M]. This study shows that ketotifen is a relaxant of isolated rat bladder. As the inhibition of contractile overactivity of the bladder is the basis of treatment of bladder instability, provided that a similar effect will be seen in vivo, then ketotifen may have clinical benefits for treatment of this condition