Responding to physical and psychological health impacts of disasters: case study of the Iranian disaster rehabilitation plan

This paper describes the process of developing a national pre-disaster plan for physical health and psychological rehabilitation of disaster-stricken communities. Data gathered from a literature review and expert panel discussions informed the process of drawing up unified definitions of physical and psychological health rehabilitation, carrying out stakeholder and STEEP-V analyses, and assigning the responsible organization and the collaborative organizations for each task. The Ministry of Health and the Welfare Organization were selected as the two responsible organizations. Integrated management at all levels, and sharing information, education and funding, were identified as ways to improve stakeholders' participation and collaboration. A system is needed for evaluating the implementation of the disaster rehabilitation plan, using valid and reliable indicators

[Anatomical study of external carotid artery branches in Sangesari sheep]

The differences of anatomical features between animal species matter in conducting research. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the external carotid artery branches in Sangesari sheep. Five mature Sangesar sheep head were obtained from the slaughterhouse. All of the cases were injected with red rodopas prior to fixation. The heads were fixed in 10% formaline and the branches of the common carotid artery dissected subsequently. The lingual artery is the first branch of the external carotid artery which is divided into deep lingual artery and sublingual artery. The caudal and rostral deep temporal arteries and caudal branch of rete mirabile had a common trunk which was separated from maxillary artery. The terminal part of the maxillary artery was divided into two branches: one branch is a common trunk with infraorbital artery and malar artery; another branch is descending palatine artery. The primary branches of the external carotid artery in sangsari sheep are like sheep and other ruminanats. But the descending palatine is continuation of the maxillary artery which this distribution pattern is like equine

Microleakage of posterior composite restorations with fiber inserts using two adhesives after aging

Statement of Problem: Microleakage is one of the most frequent problems associated with resin composites, especially at the gingival margin of posterior restorations. Insertion of fibers in composite restorations can reduce the total amount of composite and help to decrease the shrinkage

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyethylene fiber inserts on gingival microleakage of class II composite restorations using two different adhesive systems

Materials and Method: In this experimental study, class II cavities were prepared on 60 premolars. The gingival floor was located 1.0 mm below the CEJ. Dimension of each cavity were 3 mm buccolingually and 1.5 mm in axial depth. The specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the adhesive type and fiber insert [n=4]

Single bond and Clearfill SE bond and Filtek p60 were used to restore the cavities. In groups without fiber inserts composite was adapted onto cavities using layering technique. For cavities with fiber inserts, 3 mm piece of fiber insert was placed onto the composite increment and cured. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 6 months. All specimens were subjected to 3000 thermo-cycling. The tooth surfaces except for 1 mm around the restoration margins covered with two layers of nail varnish

The teeth were immersed in 2% Basic Fuchsin for 24 hours, then rinsed and sectioned mesiodistally

The microleakage was determined under a stereomicroscope [40X]. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests [p< 0.05]

Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant differences in mean microleakage scores among all groups [p= 0.281]

Conclusion: Use of polyethylene fiber inserts and etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives had no effect on microleakage in class II resin composite restorations with gingival margins below the CEJ after 6- month water storage

Histological study of cartilaginous cells in the body of penis in one-humped camel [Camelus dromedaries]

Several investigations showed cartilaginous cells in fibrous tissue of the free part of the penis in one humped camel. The aim of this study was accurate assessment of existence of cartilaginous cells in penis shaft of one-humped camel. Six camel penises from matured camels more than 3 years-old were collected from an abattoir. Different specimens were prepared from each penis and kept in 10% formalin container for fixation. After passing different stages of histotechnique methods, several slides were prepared from each specimen, stained with Haematoxylin Eosin and studied. Results showed that the majority of cartilaginous cells were inside the collagen fibers of tunica albuginea and around corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum of penis and their distributions were dissimilar in different parts of the penis shaft. This survey further showed that in penis shaft length, the majority of cartilaginous cells were inside tunica albuginea, which is surrounded by corpus spongiosum and particularly, the ventral surface of urethra. The number of cartilaginous cells decreased gradually from distal extremity towards the proximal extremity of the body of the penis and increased gradually from external layer of tunica albuginea towards the internal layer of tunica albuginea and centre of corpus cavernosum penis. Existence of cartilaginous cells inside the leaf tissue of the penis was seen with aging and puberty

Effect of testosterone on spermatogonial cell colony formation during In vitro co-culture

The complex process of spermatogenesis is regulated by various factors. Studies on spermatogonial stem cells have provided a very important tool to improve herd genetic and different field. 0.2 to 0.3 percent of total cells of seminiferous tubules consist of spermatogonial stem cells. To investigate and biomanipulate these cells, first the proliferation and viability rate of cells should be increased in vitro. In the present study, the in vitro effects of testosterone on spermatogonial cell colony formation were investigated. Sertoli and spermatogonial cells were isolated from 3-5-month-old calves. The identity of the cells was confirmed through analysis of immunocytochemistry. Co-cultured Sertoli and spermatogonial cells were treated with testosterone in different doses of 0.2 micromol L-1, 0.4 micromol L-1 and 0.8 micromol L-1, before colony assay. testosterone did not decrease the proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells.Testosterone can be chosen for in vitro colonization of spermatogonial cells with other factors

[Anatomical and histological study on thyroid gland in one humped camel [Camelus dromedarious]]

Thyroid is an endocrine gland that influences many organs of the body and plays an important role in the metabolism of animals. However, little researches have been done about anatomical and histological characteristics of camel thyroid glands in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical and histological structure of thyroid gland in one-humped camel. In this research, the anatomical characteristics and histological structure of the thyroid glands of 40, 6-10 year old one-humped, camels [20 males and 20 females] were studied by sectioning and staining with Haematoxylin and Eosin, Verhoeff and Toluidine blue by light microscope. The thyroid gland of one-humped camel was situated in lateral surface of the trachea. The right lobe was located slightly cranial to the left one lying on the caudal aspect of the larynx while both lobes were connected together by isthmus on the ventral surface of trachea. Maximum length, width and thickness of thyroid gland were 5.15 +/- 0.65, 2.25 +/- 0.75 and 0.9 +/- 0.5 cm, respectively in male camels and 5.55 +/- 0.5, 2.65 +/- 0.3 and 0.9 +/- 0.52 cm, respectively in female camels. Weights of the thyroid gland in male and female camels were 51.69 +/- 0.52 and 53.07 +/- 0.25 g, respectively. Histologically, the thyroid gland contained follicles, follicular epithelium and parafollicular cells in microscopic examination. The parafollicular cells were about 5% of the cell population. Large follicles were located in peripheral margin whereas small ones in central part of the gland. Central parts of the gland had richer vascular base in comparison with the peripheral parts. Anatomically and histologically, the thyroid gland of one-humped camel has no remarkable difference with other domestic mammals

[Study on extrapelvic urethral glands in distal extremity of penis in Iranian one-humped camel [Camelus dromedarius]]

Accessory genital glands prostate, bulbourethral and pelvic urethral glands are a part of male camel genital system. The aim of the present study was to extend the literature on the urogenitol system in male Camelus dromedarius. Five histological specimens from five camels were collected and fixed in 10% formalin solution. Routine histological procedures were done on penile specimens of distal extremity, sectioned at 6 microns, stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and studied via light microscope. We have shown that urethral glands present in both pelvic urethra and the wall of distal extremity of penile urethra in the neck of camel's penis. In this respect we found two massive glands of penile urethra. One mass was smaller and located on the lateral aspect of the urethra adjuscent to the corpus cavernosum. It was located on the dorsal surface of the urethra prior to inclination of the urethra to the left side. The other mass was greater and adhered to the ventral surface of the urethra. It was situated on the dorsolateral aspect of the urethra prior to inclination of the urethra to the left side. The round, elliptical and long sections of these massive glands were consist of high cuboidal or columnar cell layer. These cells had a round basic nucleus and white color cytoplasm. These tubular glands may be able to secret serous substances

[Prevalence of HCV infection in thalassemic and hemodialysis patients in Kerman Province-Iran]

People with thalessemia and chronic renal failure on maintenance hemodialysis are prone to blood-born infections, especially hepatitis C due to the long-term transfusion. Recently, hepatitis C has been one of the main health concerns in these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C and its risk factors in these groups of patients in Kerman province of Iran. HCV RNA in blood sample of 384 patients [203 hemodialysis cases and 181 thalassemia cases] was evaluated. One hundred thirty [130] out of 384 were infected by HCV. Infected male was predominant [83%].It seems that the frequency of hepatitis C infection in Kerman is higher than the other provinces of Iran. Therefore more attention should be paid to screen of blood before transfusing for these group of patients

Anatomical study on branches of external carotid artery in one humped camel [camelus dromedarius] and comparing it with ruminants and equine

The branches of external carotid artery were dissected and studied in six one humped camels.These specimens were preparated from slaughterhouse and fixed in10% formaline. The common carotid artery in one humped camel is divided into three branches, including, occipital artery, internal carotid artery and external carotid artery which in this respect it was similar to that of equine. External carotid artery was the main branch of common carotid artery. Lingual artery in one humped camel was similar to that of the small ruminants and separated from external carotid artery. External carotid artery under the temporomandibular joint was divided into two branches ; the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. In one humped camel similar to that of the small ruminants, transverse facial artery was separated from the superficial temporal artery and was the major source of blood supply to the facial region. Direction and the course of this artery in camal was slightly different from that of the small ruminants. Maxillary artery had an extraosseous position in one humped camel. There was only one rete branch in camel,similar to rostral rete branches of the ruminants. The branch entered through the orbitorotundum foramen to form extradural rete mirabile

Hashimoto's encephalopathy [a review article]

Hashimoto's encephalopathy [HE] known as Steroid Responsive Encephalopathy associated with Autoimmune Thyroditis [SREAT] is a rare nervous system disease. HE was originally described by Brain, et. al. in 1966, however its cause still remains unknown after about 40 years. Autoimmune vasculitis of CNS, brain edema, and anti-thyroid antibodies are considered some of the etiologies for HE. It is certain that HE is an autoimmune disease and not a thyroid system disease. HE patients may or may not have goiter. Some of the most common neurological manifestations of HE include: Confusion with altered consciousness, seizures, myoloclonus, and cognitive problems. Presence of high titers of anti-thyroid antibodies in blood serum and CSF of HE patients is considered the most common laboratory test for diagnosis of HE. EEG abnormalities such as diffuse slowing and atypical tri-phasic brain waves are the most common findings in about HE patients. Brain CT-Scan is normal in majority of HE patients. Global or local hypo perfusion may be seen in SPECT scanning of the brain. MRI findings are abnormal in about 40% of HE patients. Patients with sub acute or acute onset of confusion, seizure, myoloclonus, stroke-like episodes and amnesia whose laboratory serum and CSF tests indicate presence of high titers of anti- thyroid antibodies should be considered for having HE. Vascular myelopathies, CJD, HSP, Myelinoclastic disease like PML, SSPE, ADE, MS and DNL are some of the differential diagnosis of HE. Adrenal corticosteroids are the first line treatment for HE. Recurrent or steroid resistant HE cases may be treated by addition of other immunosuppressant drugs such as Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide, or Methotrexate to the 1st line therapy

[Effect of allium sativum l. extract on acid and pepsin secretion in basal condition and stimulated with vag stimulate in rat]

Garlic is used world wide to give flavor to foods as pecols ect. by different nations specially by Iranian society. The dominant believe is, the garlic therapeutic effects on patients with gastric discomfort and digesting problems. In this study we aimed to investigate the garlic effect on gastric acid and pepsin in both basic and stimulated condition by electrical stimulus of vogues nerve in rat. In an experimental study two groups of 12 wistar rats were selected, to make the animal unconscious, 50[mg/kg] Sodium tiopantal were given ip. and each rat was tracheostomized, laparatomized, gastrodeodbnostomized and then 100[mg/kg] of garlic extract dissolved in 9% saline was introduced to stomach of animal. The vagus nerves of both side of the neck released from carotid sheet and stimulated with ISmillivolts, frequency 4 Herts and 1 milisecond wide. The stomach secretions then washed out in following stages; first base, second base, vagus stimulated conditions and reverse to base. The acid amounts of washing were measured by titrometry and pepsin amounts were measured with Anson technique. The acid and pepsin secretion were significantly increased in rats received garlic extracts [p<0.000 p<0.05 respectively]. Stimulation by vagus nerves in control group significantly increased the level of acid [p<0.05] and pepsin [p<0.05] and garlic treated group had similar secretion rate to stimulated group. Furthermore there were no significant relationship between sex of studied rats. Consumption of garlic in the diet has lots of benefits for digestion of foods, so it can be beneficial for those patients with digestive problems, however it should be noted that people with digestive dysfunction related to increased level of gastric acid or pepsin must avoid garlic consumption. Therefore patient with gastritis and duodenal ulcer are not allowed to take garlic in their diet

[Effect of different methods of enamel conditioning on bond strength of orthodontic brackets]

With the introduction of different bondable restorative materials in dentistry, various methods have been suggested to enhance the polymerization and shear bond strength of these materials. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different methods of enamel conditioning on bond strength of orthodontic brackets and on the bracket/ adhesive failure mode. In this experimental in vitro study, brackets were bonded to thirty-six bovine incisor teeth with different protocols according to the manufacturer's instructions as follows: Group 1: conventional multistep adhesive [n=12]; Group 2: self-etching primer system [n=12]; Group 3: acid+self-etching primer system [n=12]. Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine [Instron, Canton and Mass] and the mode of failure was recorded. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskall-Wallis tests with p<0.05 as the limit of significance. The mean shear bond strength was 11.7 +/- 4.2, 10.5 +/- 4.4, and 10.9 +/- 4.8 MPa for group 1, 2, and 3 respectively. There was no significant difference in bond strength among the three groups [P=0.800]. No significant difference was observed among the three groups with respect to residual adhesive on the enamel surfaces [P=0.554]. Based on the results of the present study, the use of self-etching primers may be an alternative to conventional phosphoric acid pre-treatment in orthodontic bonding

[Effect of Heracleum persicum extract on acid and pepsin secretion level in both basic and stimulated conditions with pentagastrin in rat]

The Heraclleum persicum is widely used as an odorant in pickles around the world and particularly in Iran. As pickle is a gastric stimulator, the question is whether this plant which is used in making pickles, decreases gastric stimulation of this group of foods, or increases it, and in general, what is the cellular mechanism of this plant on acid and pepsin secretion. Therefore, in this study the effect of plant entrants on the secretion rate of acid and pepsin surveyed in the stomach in rats. This study involves two groups [12 in each group] of rats in experimental method [Control group and Heracleum group]. After anesthesia with nesdonal, 50 mg/kg IP, rats were gone under surgical process, tracheotomy, laparatomy and gasteroadeodenostomy and the Heraclleum extract [12.5 mg/kg] was send into the stomach from gasterodeodenostomy canula in Herculean group. The amount of both acid and pepsin in both basal and stimulated condition were significantly increased in heracleum group compared to control group [p<0.001]. Pentagastrin also increased acid and pepsin secretion in control group [p<0.001] and increased pepsin in heraclleum group [p<0.05] but did not significantly change in acid secretion in heraclleum group. The Heracleum persicum increases acid and pepsin secretion when is used in food regimen. Its extract also increases gastric acid secretion via blockage of gastric receptor. However, a different mechanism is involved in the increasing of pepsin secretion

Efficacy and complications of endoscopic balloon dilation in treatment of benign gastric outlet obstruction

Gastric outlet obstruction [GOO] due to peptic stricture is one of three known complications of peptic ulcer disease and usually requires therapeutic intervention for symptoms relief. After Benjamin SB who primarily used balloon dilation for treatment of GOO in 1982, some series has been published investigating procedure efficacy with different results. The purpose of this study is to investigate efficacy of balloon dilation in some Iranian patients with GOO and also the probable role of some other factors on responsiveness. 23 patients were enrolled in a 10 month duration prospective case study and followed for mean of 30 weeks. some factors such as gender, age, cigarette smoking, Helicobacter pylori [H.p] infection, stenosis diameter, symptom duration, degree of weight loss, dilation sessions, response to therapy and time to response after procedure were registered for each patient. Mean age was 49.5 years and most patients were in the 5th decade of life. 2 and 23 of patients [8.7% and 91.3%] were female and male, respectively. the most common symptoms among patients were epigastric fullness and heart burn [each 87% of patients], nausea [82.6], vomiting [78.3%] and pain [69.6%]. 21 out of 23 patients were asymptomatic at end of study. 18 of 21 patients with response to therapy underwent only one session of dilation. There was not any statistically significant correlation between response to therapy and any one of factors as, gender, H.p infection, cigarette smoking, symptom duration and stenosis diameter. Time to response was shorter in males comparing to females [2.7 vs 8 weeks respectively] [p=0.002]. Trans the scope [TTS] balloon dilation of GOO in short term is effective and safe. if in long term, symptom recurrence rate proves to be acceptable, it will be recommended as first line treatment of benign GOO. Also it seems that use of fluoroscopy has not any additional advantage in increasing efficacy of the procedure