[Effect of ethanolic and watery extract of aerial parts of Stachys lavandulifolia on Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitro]

Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted disease world wide. In view of increased resistance of the parasite to classical drugs of the metronidazole family, the need for new unrelated agents is increasing. In Charmahal va bakhtiare province Stachys lavandulifolia traditionally used for vaginal infection. The study evaluates anti trichmonas activity of of ethanolic and watery extract of aerial parts Stachys lavandulifolia. This study has been carried out as double blind in test and control groups. Etanolic and watery were extracted by hydro distillations. The parasite was isolated from vagina. Sample were collected from vaginal discharges of six patients and cultured in laboratory. Identification were done through direct smear preparation, parasite was added to the 9 test tubes containing metronidazole, etanolic and watery extraction of Stachys lavandulifolia with concentration of [10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000microL/ml] order to determine the effect of these concentration within 72 hours. Finding suggested that the Trichomonas vaginalis could be alive in TYIS-33, watery and ethanolic extraction within 72 hours. In presence of metronidazole for no alive parasite was detected after 72 hours. Number of parasite in TYIS-33, watery [10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000microg/ml] and ethanolic extraction [10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000microg/ml] and ethanol was 1504, 1504, 100, 1304, < 100, 577 respectively. Finding demonstrates further studies are required of of Stachys lavandulifolia to evaluate its microbicidal activity against other sexually transmitted infection

[Effects of eucalyptus camaldulensis exracts on trichimonas vaginalis growth in vitro]

Trichimonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoa that cause trichomoniasis. Metronidazole which is drug of choice for treatment of this infection has many side effects so the patients are unsatisfied with its using, so it is necessary to seek for alternative drugs. Eucalyptus camaldulensis herb with strong anti-microbial affects is considered as an alternative drug. Investigating the effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis as an alternative drug Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Eucalyptus camaldulensis extraction was prepared using perculasion method. In test tubes containing parasite culture medium different concentrations of the plant extract were added. In other test tubes metronidazole or extract solvent as controls were added. 100 live Trichomonas vaginalis added to each tube and all tubes kept in 37°C and tested for presence of the parasite every 24 hours up to 72 hours. For this purpose 10 microliter of each tube examined under microscope. in tubes with higher concentration of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract and also in tube containing metronidazole no parasite was observed. In negative control tubes parasite had a normal growth. According to results of this study Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract had strong effects on Trichomonas vaginalis growth. Further investigation is recommended to use this plant as alternative drug for treatment of trichomoniasis

[Improving the capabilities of the physicians working in health care centers of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province for doing applied researches]

In the last decades efforts have been dedicated to improve research activities among academic staff in the universities. However less attention has been paid to improve research skills among nonacademic staff of health system, especially physicians. Thus, in this research capability of the physician working in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari for doing applied researches has been investigated. In this interventional research, the study population was consisted of all general physicians who were working in health care centers in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari [CMVB] province. From the whole population of general physicians 60 physicians were selected and were randomly divided into two separate groups [30 physician as case group and 30 physicians as control group]. Case group participated in a research methodology workshop. In this workshop they were trained how to find the health system priorities and how to write a research proposal. After finishing the workshop, they returned to their work and conducted their research proposal and then they participated in the second workshop to present their research results. In second workshop they improved their abilities for writing a scientific article, preparing a poster, giving a scientific talk and paper publishing. Prior and after the workshop their knowledge about the subject was collected in both groups, using a questioner. At the end, results collected from both groups were analyzed using paired and independent-t tests. The average scores of knowledge about research methodology in case group was 6.23 +/- 0.24 and 12.97 +/- 2.3 5 prior and after interventions, respectively [P<0.05]. The capacity of case group for conducting research activities was significantly higher compared to the control group. They were principle researchers in 16 research projects and co-workers in 70 research projects. We conclude that continuous naming of this project may lead to improving performance of more applied research projects and to solve more health problems

[Situation of hydatid cyst infection during last two decades [1985-2005] in Iran [Review of articles]]

Hydatid cyst has been studied in different aspects during last two decades in Iran and reported from the most areas of the country. However national prevalence of infection is not well documented. Therefore, in this paper different articles about epidemiology of hydatid cyst have been reviewed from 1985 to 2005 to present roughly the current national situation of the disease. In this review article, different reports about epidemiology of hydatid cyst have been reviewed from 1985 to 2005. Based on infection of dog, livestock and human with this parasite, the epidemiological data about hydatid cyst were gathered and the distribution of this parasite in Iran was presented. According to the published papers, mean infection rate in 7582 examined dogs for Echinococcus granulosus was 32.7%. In livestock host the mean infection rate in 205161 sheep, 116840 goat, 54745 cattle, 1027 camel and 250 buffalo was 19%, 11.5%, 17.8%, 34.6% and 18.2% respectively. In man 46 case reports about presence of hydatid cyst in different organs have been published. Also, 2052 surgical operations during the last two decades have been conducted which indicate infection rate equal to 4.8 operations per 100000 populations per year. Furthermore, several seroepidemiological studies were performed in different parts of country and the mean seroepidemiological rate was 4.42%. In the last two decades prevention programs were conducted to control the disease with collaboration of health system and veterinary system in Iran. However data resulted from this review article imply on relatively high prevalence of infection. The religious custom of sacrifice should be considered in control program

[ frequency and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori in children of 6 years old from Shahrekord in 2006]

Helicobacter pylori is a common bacterial pathogens in human. The organism is associated with development of acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in children ranges from 10% to more than 80%. High prevalence occurs in developing countries. This aimed to determine the frequency and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori in children of 6 years old from Shahrekord in 2006. In this descriptive and analytical study, a total of 215 stool samples from children selected none randomly at age of 6 years. Infection was determined based on antigen immunoassay in stool using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. [Diaper kit, Italy]. Data were analyzed using X2 and Regression Logistic tests. According the results, 50 of 215 [23.3%] children, were positive for the H.pylori. There were no significant differences between the prevalence of H.pylori infection and sex, smoking of parent, abdominal pain growth of children, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, peptic ulcer in parents and history of breast milk [P>0.05]. But there was a significant relationship between the prevalence of H.pylori infection and history of stomach cancer in their family and level of education in their parents [P<0.05]. Less than a quarter of the children studied tested positive for H.pylori. Thus, the promotion of health services should be considered

Survey of the risk factors of hydatid cyst infection in Lordegan area of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran, 2004

Hydatid cyst is a zoonotic disease and is distributed worldwide. The disease is endemic in most parts of Iran and due to presence of husb and ry jobs, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran is potentially one of the high risk areas for the disease. Seroepidemiological investigations in this province revealed that Lordegan area had a high prevalence of Hydatid cyst. This survey was performed to find the risk factors of the disease in Lordegan area. This descriptive and analytical study was performed on 500 cases selected randomly from all the people above 15 years old in Lordegan area. A questionnaire containing risk factors of the disease was filed in by each individual. Thirty butcher shops were also inspected and were asked about Hydatid cyst risk factors. Healthy drinking water was available for 88.2%. Effective washing of vegetables was practiced by 54.4% of the individuals. 7.2% were aware about transmission routes of the disease. In 8.4% of cases foods were exposed to dust. Dogs were kept at home of 22.4% of the cases and 42.6% of the individuals kept domestic animals in their houses. 75% of them expressed the presence of stray dogs in their living places. Questionnaire forms filled by butchers showed that in 30% of the cases, stray dogs were present in the butchery places and in 20%, the dogs were fed by infected meats. 40% of the butchers blow under the skin of slathered livestock to facilitate the process of skin off. Results of this survey indicated that all people especially butchers should be subjected to health education about risk factors of Hydatid cyst

[Molecular characterization of the strains cause sheep-hydatid cyst, in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province using restriction fragment length polymorphism]

Hydatid cyst in the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, a member of cestodes. This parasite causes echinococcusis in human and some other mammalians. To date, the different strains of the parasite have been reported across the world and this variation may affect the epidemiology and pathogenicity of the Hydatid cyst. Therefore, using polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCR-RFLP] this study was aimed to conduct the molecular characterization of the protoscolex stage of the parasite in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province, Iran. In this study, 30 samples of sheep-hydatid cysts were collected from slaughterhouses across the province. Subsequently, using phenol-chloromphorm method, DNA of the samples was extracted, and then the ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer1 [rDNA-ITS1] fragment of each isolate was amplified using primer BD1 [forward] and 4S [reverse]. The primers were either genus or species specific. Finally, the PCR products were digested using restriction enzymes Alul, RSal, Hpall, and Taql and subjected to electrophoresis and staining. The size of PCR product in this research was 1000 base pair [bp]. Using Alul enzyme, two fragments of 800bp and 200bp were created. Rsal digestion also revealed two fragments of 345bp and 655bp. Digestion with HpaII enzyme, created two fragments of 700bp and 300bp. Finally, when Tapl enzyme was used no digestion occurred. The final results of this investigation showed that the sheep-hydatid cyst strain in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province of Iran is G[1], which is the same as sheep strains all over the world

[ survey about protective effect of echinococcus granulosus protoscolices surface antigens in preventing secondary hydatid cyst]

Hydatid cyst is located in human and some animal visceral organs such as liver and lung. The disease is considered as a medical, veterinary and economical problem in endemic area. When the hydatid cyst is ruptured, protoscolices from inside the cyst may spread out to other parts of the body and develops a new cyst named secondary hydatid cyst. In this research in an attempt to prevent secondary hydatid cyst, protective potential of protoscolices surface antigens extracted with different detergents has been investigated in animal model. In this experimental study, groups of Balb/C mice were immunized intra-peritoneally with protoscolices homogenate and three detergent [SDS, Tween and Triton x-100] extracted protoscolices surface antigens and alum as adjuvant. These mice were then boosted two times with the same antigens fortnightly. Control mice were simultaneously injected with alum alone- Two weeks following the last injection all the mice in cases and control groups were challenged with live protoscolices. Three months afterward all the mice in case and control groups were sacrificed and their peritoneal cavities were explored for hydatid cysts The mean of developed cyst number in mice injected with protoscolices homogenate was 3 +/- 2, while in control group the mean of developed cysts number was 5.8 +/- 1.7 [p< 0.02]. The mean of developed cyst number in mice injected with SDS, Tween and Triton x-100 extracted protoscolices surface antigens was 3, 3.6 and 3.4, respectively, while the mean of developed cyst number in control group was 5.8. The mean of cyst number in cases and control groups was different and this difference was statistically significant. Results of this investigation revealed that protoscolices homogenate antigens and some detergent extracted antigens are protective against secondary hydatid cyst infection