Retrospective study of surgical treatment of various patellar luxations in dogs from 2004 to 2007

Today, the treatment of patellar luxations using current techniques has become a very common procedure as part of the surgical treatment. Nevertheless, there are some doubts about such procedures in restraining the patella in lower grade cases. The purpose of the present retrospective clinical study was to determine the efficacy of the soft tissue and bone reconstructive procedures used for various grades of patellar luxation. Forty small and toy breed dogs between the ages of 6 months to 7 years have been used in this study. Following the medical examination, it was seen that all dogs suffered from knee pain and unilaterally or bilaterally intermittent to constant non-weight bearing lameness. All dogs with the exception of two, recovered back to the normal movement within three months. Re-luxation was observed in two dogs that were treated for patellar reconstruction using soft tissue techniques in grade I. These findings suggest that improvement can be achieved in patellar luxation, following appropriate soft tissue and bone reconstructive procedures. However, re-luxation limits the validity of the use of soft tissue reconstructive procedures in operated dogs with grade I luxation. Therefore, the authors have suggested considering a surgical treatment that utilizes combinatorial techniques, in which soft tissue and bone reconstructive techniques are integrated to achieve definite improvement in grade I, surgery before the maturity in grade IV, and no delay on undergoing an operation in grade I, II, and III

immediate enzymatic cocktail effect on the absorptive function of neobladder made by ileocystoplasty

The effectiveness of an enzymatic cocktail, collagenase and trypsin, on the absorptive function of ileal segment was studied to evaluate the changes within groups after performing ileocystoplasty in an animal model. Twenty-one female mixed-bred Persian dogs were randomized into 7 groups. The groups included: 1] negative control group [NCG] in which no ileocystoplasty was performed [n = 3]; 2] positive control group [PCG] in which routine ileocystoplasty was performed [n = 3] and groups 3 to 7] those underwent ileocystoplasty with the ileal segment being treated with collagenase and trypsin for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 min [groups, 5 minutes enzymatic treatment group [5METG], 10METG, 15METG, 20METG and 25METG; each containing three dogs]. To perform the glucose absorption test, 50% dextrose was instilled into the bladder five weeks after surgery. The blood glucose level [BGL] was measured in each group before the study [T1], two weeks after the surgery in PCG and other treatment groups [T2], before anaesthesia [T3], after anaesthesia at 5-minute intervals up to 25 min [T4 to T9, respectively]. There was no significant difference in BGL in T1 to T3 and T4 to T9 in 25METG and NCG, however, BGL was found significantly higher in T1 to T3 and T4 to T9 in PCG, 5METG, 10METG, 15METG and 20METG. It can be concluded that collagenase and trypsin can affect absorptive function of the neobladder and are able to reduce the absorptive function, particularly in early days after the surgery. Moreover, these results also confirm that 50% dextrose instilled into the neobladder and native urinary bladder will not increase BGL in 25METG and NCG even with increasing the time of exposure of neo- or native urinary bladder to enzymatic cocktail till 25 min

case report of canine rheumatoid arthritis in Iran

The Purpose of the report was introducing rheumatoid arthritis in a dog in Iran. A four-year-old castrated male shih tzu has been referred to Small Animal Hospital. History taking, clinical findings, laboratory findings, radiography, computed tomography scan [CT-Scan] and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] carried out in this case. Clinical examinations revealed severe lameness with flexion of stifle joints and muscular atrophy of thigh region. Survey radiographs showed tibial and femoral subchondral bone cyst-like formation, cranial displacement of the tibia, and asymmetric joint space. Blood test revealed leukocytosis. In serology, rheumatoid factor [RF] and antinuclear antibodies [ANA] were negative. Arthrocentesis of affected joints showed a lowered viscosity, and was turbid. CT-Scan studies showed subchondral bone cyst-like formations on the tibial plateau and femoral condyles, osteophyte formations, and degenerative joint changes. MRI confirmed soft tissue changes of the joint component. Based on clinical and paraclinical findings, diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis

Ileocystoplasty in dogs: Imaging, hematologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies

The radiographic, ultrasonographic, hamatologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies were done the following routine ileocystoplasty in dogs. Experimental study. Twelve female mixed-breed Persian dogs. Persian mixed breed female dogs between 1-2 year-old and 15-24 kg body-weight were divided into control and experiment groups. Routine ileocystoplasty was performed on experimental dogs. Twenty centimeters of ileal segments were detubulized to U-form and were grafted to bladder after performing the partial supratrigonal cystectomy. Radiography, ultrasonography, hematologic and biochemical evaluations were prepared on days 0,14 and 35 from all animals. Experimental group animals also were euthanized on day 35. Neobladders were resected and histopathologic sections were taken. No radiographic changes were detected in plain and contrast radiography indicative of any leakage from anastomotic and suture lines. Vesicoureteral reflux,... was not present. Ultrasonography revealed neobladder walls thickened at the anastomotic site. No significant changes were found in hematologic parameters, glucose, cholestrol, triglyceride, creatinine, total protein, albumine, glutamine, serum electrolytes [calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate] albumin, pH, venous blood gases [Po2 and Pco2] and anion gap. BUN was found significantly higher in experiment group in comparison to control group.There were not marked morphologic changes in ileal mucosa, uroepithelial migrated from remaining portion of the bladder to cover the ileal segments. Inflammatory cells infiltrations were not significant in neobladders. Based on the study, ileal segment is useful source for graft the bladder in dog

Evaluation of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation effects on muscular ability in dog: an animal model

Assessment of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation effects on muscular repair and capability following sciatic nerve injury as animal model. Experimental study. Ten male and female 15-22 month-old mixed breed dogs between 18-23 kg body-weight. Animals were subsequently divided into two groups of [control and experimental] 5 dogs each. Then anesthesia was induced. Skin was incised and the muscular dissection performed. The right sciatic nerve was exposed in all dogs and crushed in full thickness using artery forceps for 5 seconds. The experimental group was subjected to of transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation [TENS] regimen, daily ten minutes for two weeks. The electromyography [EMG] was recorded from semimembranosus [SI], and semitendinosus [S2]; Extensors [Ext], and Flexors [Flex] muscles before, after crush, 14,28 and 45 post-operative day. Variance analysis by ANOVA and Tukey's test. EMG recording showed significant differences in muscle forced in SI and S2 in experimental group by comparison with control one. The evaluation of [TENS] showed to be helpful to reduce muscle atrophy

[Clinical evaluation of ileocystoplasty in dogs]

To evaluate the clinical features of ileocystoplasty [bladder augmentation] in dogs.Experimental study. Seven female 1-2 year-old mixed breed dogs between 15- 24 kg body-weight. Routine ileocystoplasty [similar to human ileocystoplasty] was performed on dogs. The clinical parameters [temperature, heart rate per minute, respiratory rate per minute, urine appearance, urinary continence, urethral obstruction following mucosal secretion and bowel obstruction] were evaluated for five weeks. A repeated measures [within-subjects] analysis of variance was done to compare the means of quantitative variables at different times and descriptive study for qualitative variables. Dogs tolerated the operation well and survived for 5 weeks without any postoperative complications. There no significant difference in heart rate per minute and respiratory rate per minute in the study period. A significant increase in temperature was observed at day 28 due to other laboratory examinations, but it was in normal range [P<0.05]. No abnormal findings were found in appetite, defecation and its quality, hydration status, mucosal color, capillary refill time, urine appearance, urine continence, urethral obstruction following mucosal secretion and bowel obstruction during study.With regards to the clinical observations in this study ileocystoplasty could be favorably performed in bladder disorders e.g. cancer, trauma, infection, inflammation, iatrogenic injuries or conditions which may lead to severe dysfunction in dogs