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Objective To measure vitamin D levels in newborn cord blood inorder to ascertain appropriate supplementation regimes.Methods A total of 6420 newborn umbilical cordblood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 25-( OH ) D ] concentrations were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and the correlation between 25-( OH ) D and gestational or birth weight or season was retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 5358(83.5℅)of the 6420,had umbilical cord blood concentrations of 25-(OH)D <50. 0 nmol/L. The 25-(OH)D levels M(Q1,Q3)increased from very preterm births, moderately preterm, later preterm, full-term infants to post-term infants [ 29. 0 ( 22. 5, 38.9),33.4(26.3,41.6),35.1(26.9,43.3),35.7(28.1,45.0),43.3(33.5,52.8)nmol/L, P <0. 001]. The 25-(OH) D levels M(Q1,Q3) increased from very low birth weight infants, low birth weight, normal birth weight infants to macrosomia [29. 0(22. 4,38. 8),34. 6(27. 5,44. 2),35. 1(28. 1, 44. 7),35. 7(28. 0,47. 5), P<0. 001]. The 25- (OH)D levels were positively correlated respectively in gestational ages and body weights ( r =0. 619 , 0. 180 , P <0. 05 ) . Newborn umbilical cord blood concentration of 25- ( OH ) D levels varied with season ( P all <0. 001 ) , the lowest in spring [ 30. 4 (24.1,38.3)]and highest in autumn[39.3(31.6,50.9)].Conclusions Premature and low birth weight infants are especially at high risk of vitamin D deficiency and should receive appropriate vitamin D supplementation. In addition, there should be an ongoing promotion of vitamin D supplements to pregnant women and the awareness of sun exposure to achieve vitamin D sufficiency.
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Objective To assess the construction quality of sanitary latrines in schistosomiasis endemic areas of China. Methods Two counties per province were sampled randomly from total 7 provinces with schistosomiasis endemic including Hunan, Hu-bei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Sichuan, then 2 villages with schistosomiasis endemic were selected from each target county as research sites, and 30 households per village were randomly selected as respondents. Results Among the sanitary latrines being constructed and on-going used in schistosomiasis endemic areas, 64.8% of them were built indoor or inside of yards, and 52.6% of the above household latrines were constructed keeping away from water sources beyond 10 meters. In addition, the latrines with curb height of feces outlet over 100 mm accounted for 75.0% , and 96.1% of the total sanitary latrines were equipped with urinals made of pottery, plastic and cement. There were 98.2% of the latrines with an area more than 1.2 m~2, and 95.8% with structure of the whole room. Among those sanitary latrines with three-case-cesspools, merely 23.1% reached or closed to the design and implementation requirements of Technical criterion of sanitary construction in schistosomiasis endemic areas (protocol) on the part of underground. Conclusions The sanitary latrine with three-case-cesspools and three-unit methane pool is the main type of the household latrine recommended in countryside in schistosomiasis endemic areas. The construction of sanitary latrines meet the requirements of relevant standards in general, however, the design and implementation of underground parts of the latrines with three-case-cesspools need to be improved.
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Objectives To understand the demand,payment capability and influencing factors of sanitary latrine construction in schistosomiasis epidemic areas in China. Methods In Hu’nan,Hubei,Anhui,Jiangxi,Yunnan,Sichuan and Jiangsu,2 counties in each province were selected and 3 villages with schistosomiasis prevalence in each county were randomly sampled. Thirty households were randomly sampled from each village for questionnaire survey. Results The major reasons for constructing sanitary latrine were cleanliness,sanitation and convenience in the rural areas;more than 98% of the households were willing to pay part of the construction,among them,the majority of the families hoped the payment kept within 100-500 yuan (RMB);the problem for the non-sanitary latrine users to construct sanitary ones by themselves was lack of money,technique and skilled labors etc;the residents with the knowledge of rural water supply and latrine improvement,eliminating,keeping livestock enclosure were willing to pay for the construction of sanitary latrine. Conclusion The families using non-sanitary latrine have strong will for constructing the sanitary ones,and they also have payment will and capability to some extents. Most families can afford to the latrine construction within 500 yuan (RMB);to strengthen health education and communication can promote the demand and payment will for construction of sanitary latrine among the people using non-sanitary latrine in schistosomiasis epidemic areas.
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Objective To understand the management status of rural sanitary latrine in schistosomiasis epidemic areas of China.Methods Two counties in a province were sampled randomly from total 7 provinces with schistosomiasis prevalence,including Hu'nan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui,Jiangsu,Yunnan and Sichuan,then three villages with schistosomiasis prevalence were selected from each target county as research sites,thirty sanitary latrines in a village were randomly selected for the investigation.Results 58.1% of the 840 sanitary latrines were in better esthetic environment while 37.7% of which were in moderate status and 4.2% were in bed condition.The sanitary latrine without maggot,pupa and fly accounted for 81.5% ;97.0% of the excrement samples at discharge holes were uniform.99.6% of sanitary latrines with trilogy biomass pool exceed more than 30 days for fermentation tank sealed and stored and 62.7%(173/276)of the sanitary latrines cleaned out excrement within half or one year.Among 333 sanitary latrines with three-grid septic,95.2%(317/333)cleaned out excrement within half or one year.The qualified rate of value of night and sedimentation rate of roundworm ovum were 95.5%(745/780)and 61.2%(229/374).90.9%(761/837) of the total 837 households with sanitary latrine used liquid manure as fertilizer,while 4.6% of which discharge liquid manure into neighboring soil and water body;87.9%(736/837)of the households without sanitary latrine used night soil sludge as fertilizer directly,and only 6.9%(58/837)of the households conducted high temperature compost process.Conclusion In the investigated areas,the management of rural sanitary latrine basically meets the requirements of rural sanitation criterion,however,the potential risk for people health still exists in the excrement management.