Pollution characteristics, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmosphere of two districts of Lanzhou City from 2019 to 2020 / 环境与职业医学

Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most widely distributed and harmful organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and composition sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of two districts of Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020 and evaluate the health risks of PAHs via inhalation to different populations. Methods The PAHs concentrations in two urban areas (Chengguan District and Xigu District) of Lanzhou City from January 2019 to December 2020 were regularly monitored. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences in target pollutant concentrations between the two areas. Diagnostic ratio method and principal component analysis were adopted for source identification. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model was applied to evaluate the health risks of PAHs. Results The M (P25, P75) PAHs concentrations in Chengguan District and Xigu District were 24.04 (14.59, 41.81) ng·m−3 and 25.97 (18.59, 42.56) ng·m−3, respectively, with no significant difference (Z=−0.970, P>0.05). As to seasonal distribution, most PAHs monomer concentrations in Chengguan District were higher than those in Xigu District in summer, and the concentrations of benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene in Chengguan District were also higher than those in Xigu District in spring and autumn (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in PAHs monomer concentrations between the two urban areas in winter (P>0.05). Ring number of PAHs exhibited seasonal fluctuations. In winter and spring, the highest proportions in Chengguan District and Xigu District were both 4-ring PAHs (37.32%-41.73%, 35.20%-39.66%), and in summer and autumn, the highest proportions were both 2- and 3-ring PAHs (39.38%-49.54%, 47.17%-51.23%). The results of diagnostic ratio method revealed mixed atmospheric PAHs sources in the two urban areas, including fossil fuel, coal, and biomass combustion. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the four principal component factors reached 79.54%. Principal component 1 included phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene; principal component 2 included acenaphthene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene; principal component 3 was fluorene; principal component 4 was naphthalene. The results of health risk assessment showed that the ILCR values of adult males, adult females, and children in Chengguan District were 2.30×10−6, 2.16×10−6, and 1.73×10−6, respectively; and those in Xigu District were 1.58×10−6, 1.48×10−6, and 1.19×10−6, respectively; all were greater than 10−6. Conclusion PAHs pollution exists in the atmosphere of the two urban areas of Lanzhou City, mainly comes from mixed sources of fossil fuels, coal, and biomass burning, and may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the population.

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou City from 2019 to 2020 / 环境与职业医学

Background Air pollutants PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements are important factors affecting public health. Objective To explore the distribution characteristics and sources of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in Lanzhou from 2019 to 2020, and to assess the health risks of metal elements to different groups of residents through inhalation. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020 in two districts of Lanzhou City (Chengguan District and Xigu District), regular PM2.5 and metal elements [antimony (Sb), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl)] were regularly monitored, and their concentrations were described by the median (M) and 25th and 75th percentiles (P25, P75) as not following a normal distribution (because the detection rates of the five elements Be, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Se were less than 70%, the five elements were not included in subsequent analysis), and then compared with the secondary concentration limits in the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). The differences between the medians of the two groups were compared by the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test, and the differences among the medians of multiple groups were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test; the enrichment factor (EF) method and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the pollution degree of the metals and their sources; the health risks of five non-carcinogenic metals (Sb, Al, Pb, Mn, and Tl) and two carcinogenic metals (As and Cd) in PM2.5 were evaluated by hazard index (HI) and hazard quotient (HQ) using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (LCR) model and the non-carcinogenic risk assessment model, respectively. Results The PM2.5 concentrations [M (P25, P75)] in Lanzhou City were 38.50 (26.00, 65.00) and 41.00 (29.00, 63.10) μg·m−3 in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (Z=−0.989, P > 0.05). The average levels of the metal elements from high to low were: Al > Pb > Mn > As > Cd > Sb > Tl, and the annual average concentration of each metal element in 2019 was higher than that in 2020 (P<0.05). The M ( P25, P75) of PM2.5 concentrations in Chengguan and Xigu districts were 52.98 (17.00, 61.00) and 55.40 (17.00, 67.00) μg·m−3, respectively, with no statistically significant differences (P<0.05); the concentrations of Sb and Al in Chengguan District were lower than those in Xigu District (P<0.05), and the concentrations of other metal elements were not different between the two areas (P>0.05). There were seasonal differences in the concentrations of PM2.5 and seven metal elements in Lanzhou City (except PAl=0.007, the other Ps < 0.001). The results of the enrichment factor method showed that the EF values of the six metals (Sb, Al, As, Cd, Pb and Tl) were all greater than 1. Among them, except As, the EF values of other metal elements were all greater than 10, and the EF values of Al and Cd were both greater than 100. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variance contributions of the three principal components were 45.61%, 24.22%, and 14.42%, and the cumulative contribution reached 84.25%. The principal component 1 included Pb, As, Cd, and Sb, the principal component 2 included Al and Mn, and the principal component 3 contained Tl. The non-carcinogenic risks of the five metals were, in descending order, Al > Mn > Pb > Tl > Sb, among which the HQ values of the remaining four metals were less than 1 for adults and children, except the HQ value of Al for adults, which was greater than 1. The ILC values of carcinogenic metal As for adult males, adult females, and children were 2.68×10−5, 2.51×10−5, and 1.45×10−5, respectively; the ILC values of carcinogenic metal Cd for adult males, adult females, and children were 1.53×10−6, 1.43×10−6, and 8.26×10−7, respectively. Conclusion There is pollution of atmospheric PM2.5 and its adsorbed metal elements in Lanzhou. As and Cd elements may pose potential carcinogenic risks to the residents.

Immune dysfunction of regulatory B cells and lymphocyte subsets in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the changes of regulatory B cells (Bregs) and lymphocyte subsets in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and to analyze their relationship with ITP duration and remission time.Methods:Proportion of different immune cell subsets were detected in the peripheral blood of 88 ITP children before treatmen, 84 ITP children after treatmen and 45 normal controls by flow cytometry. The treatments included glucocorticoids, intravenous IgG as first-line treatment. The changes of lymphocyte subsets in ITP children with different remission time after treatment were compared.Results:The Th, natural killer (NK), Breg cell counts and Th/Tc ratio in all children with ITP were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.05), while the Tc and CD19 + B cells were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The Breg cell count in the persistent and chronic ITP groups was significantly lower than that in the newly diagnosed ITP ( P<0.05). A total of 84 children with ITP were relieved after treatment: 58 cases (69.1%) achieved long-term remission, and 26 cases (30.9%) had short-term remission. The Breg and lymphocyte subsets in the short-term remission ITP group after treatment were not significantly different from those before treatment, but there were still significant differences from the control group ( P<0.05); The Breg and lymphocyte subpopulations in the long-term remission ITP group after treatment were not significantly different from those in the control group, but compared with those before treatment, other cell subpopulations except Tc were significantly increased ( P<0.05); The NK cells and Breg cells in the long-term remission ITP group were significantly higher than those in the short-term remission ITP group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The Bregs in peripheral blood of long-duration ITP children significantly decrease. After treatment, the Bregs in ITP children with long-term remission increase significantly, indicating that the restoration of the immune mechanism of Bregs may be related to the long-term remission of children with ITP.

Anti-leukemia effect of icaritin and its mechanisms on cell line of children relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the anti-leukemia effect of icaritin on 697 cells of children relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia in vitro, and to analyze its possible mechanism. Methods:697 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into control group and icariin groups (5, 10, 20 μmol/L). After treated with icaritin, the cell proliferation was detected with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method, and apoptosis was measured with Hoechst 33258 staining and Flow Cytometry Assay. Expression of Bcl-2, Cyt-C, Bax and Caspase3 proteins in 697 cell were detected by Western blot. Results:After treatment with various concentrations (5-20 μmol/L) of icaritin for different time-points (24, 48, 72 h), the growth inhibition rate exhibited a dose and time-dependent manner ( r=0.76, r=0.89); the apoptotic rate exhibited significant increase for 48 h ( P<0.05). Bcl-2 protein decreased significantly ( P<0.05), while Bax, Cyt-C and Caspase3 cleavage protein increased significantly in icaritin treated group for 48 h compared with control group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Icaritin shows the effects of anti-leukemia by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation of 697 cell. Icaritin maybe induce apoptosis of 697 cell by down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and up-regulation of the Bax, Cyt-C and cleaved Caspase 3 expression.

Simultaneous Determination of 9 Kinds of Organic Solvents Residues in Total Flavonoids Extracts from Abelmoschus manihot by Headspace GC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 9 kinds of organic solvents residues in total flavonoids extracts from Abelmoschus manihot. METHODS： Headspace GC was adopted to determine the contents of 9 kinds of organic solvents residues in total flavonoids extracts from A. manihot， such as benzene， acrylonitrile， methyl methacrylate， toluene， 1，2-dichloroethane， xylene， chlorobenzene， styrene and divinylbenzene. The determination was performed on Agilent DB-WAX capillary column （30 m×0.25 mm， 0.25 μm） through temperature-programmed route. The inlet temperature and FID detector temperature were set at 250 ℃. The carrier gas was nitrogen with the flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The split ratio was 10 ∶ 1. The containers of headspace injector were in equilibrium at 90 ℃ for 45 min and the sample size was 1 mL. RESULTS： The separation degree among the peaks of 9 components was greater than 1.5， and the blank solvent （10％ N-methyl pyrrolidone aqueous solution） had no interference. The linear ranges of them were 0.16-1.21， 0.80-6.03， 1.61-12.09，1.62-12.12， 0.16-1.21， 1.60-12.01， 0.81-6.11， 1.60-12.03， 0.80-6.03 μg/mL， respectively （r≥0.999 4）. The limits of quantitation were 0.162 08， 0.201 08， 0.080 6， 0.080 768， 0.161 92， 0.400 36， 0.040 712， 0.026 736， 0.013 395 μg/mL； the limits of detection were 0.040 52， 0.040 216， 0.026 87， 0.026 9，0.040 48， 0.080 072， 0.013 57， 0.008 912， 0.004 465 μg/mL， respectively. RSDs of precision （n＝5） and reproducibility （n＝6） tests were all lower than 5％. Average recoveries were 99.41％-111.27％（RSD＜9％， n＝9）. Above 9 residual solvents were not detected in 3 batches of total flavonoids extracts from A. manihot. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple， accurate and reliable， and can be applied for simultaneous detection of 9 kinds of organic solvents residues in total flavonoids extracts from A. manihot.

Analysis of the results of 55240 children for detection of seven respiratory viruses in Guangdong Zhongshan district / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of children with respiratory viruses in zhongs-han ,Guangdong to provide evidence for the diagnosis of respiratory virus infections in children .Methods 55 240 cases were collected in a hospital from November 25 ,2011 to September 30 ,2016 ,Influenza virus(IFA , IFB) ,parainfluenza virus (PIV1 ,PIV2 ,PIV3) ,respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus (ADV) were detected by direct immunofluorescent ,and analyzed the results .Results The positive rate of virus infection in 55 240 children was 23 .25%,of which RSV 53 .75%,IFA 13 .83%,ADV10 .81%,PIV3 10 .77%,IFB 6 .49%, PIV1 2 .37%,PIV2 1 .14% and mixed infection 0 .84% .There were statistical significance between male and female (P＜0 .05) .The positive rates of virus infection in children 0- ≤1 years and 1- ≤3 years were higher than those in the other age groups ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) .The positive rate of RSV was higher in both age groups (71 .92%,46 .23%) The positive rate of these 7 viruses infection in winter and spring was higher than that in summer and autumn ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) , and the positive rate of RSV was the highest .The positive rate of these 7 viruses patients with bronchitis was higher than that of the other patients ,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0 .05) and in 108 patients with mixed infections ,the most cases was patients with RSV (90 cases) .Conclusion The main pathogen is RSV .The infection rate of children under 3 years old is the highest .Winter and spring are the high incidence of respiratory virus infection in children in Guangdong zhongshan district .

Determination of 4-( 4-Amino-3-fluorophenoxy )-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide in Regorafenib by LC-MS/MS / 中国药师

Objective: To establish an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 4-( 4-amino-3-fluorophenoxy )-N-methylpyri-dine-2-carboxamide ( AFP-PMA) as a genotoxic impurity in regorafenib. Methods: The content of AFP-PMA was determined by an LC-MS/MS method. A Waters XBridge Shield RP18 column was adopted to separate the samples and the column temperature was 50℃. The mobile phase consisted of 5 mmol·L-1ammonium acetate aqueous (A)-acetonitrile (B) with gradient elution (0~9 min, 5%B→90%B) at a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1. An electrospray ionization source (ESI) was used in a positive-ion and multiple reactions monitoring mode. The ion channel was m/z 262. 2→244. 1. Results:The standard curve was linear within the range of 2. 41-980. 90 ng·ml-1(r=0. 9998) and the limit of quantification was 8. 02 ng·ml-1. The limit of detection was 2. 41 ng·ml-1, which was e-quivalent to 0.000241% for the concentration of regorafenib. The average recovery was 100.95% and RSD was 2.37% (n=9). Conclusion:The method has good specificity, promising accuracy and high sensitivity, which can be used for determining the trace genotoxic impurity AFP-PMA in regorafenib.

Simultaneous Determination of 6 Residual Organic Solvents in Omeprazole Magnesium by Headspace GC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of residual organic solvents in Omeprazole magnesium,such as methanol,isopropanol,acetonitrile,dichloromethane,ethyl acetate and toluenein. METHODS:Headspace GC was adopted. The determination was performed on the column of DB-624 column by temperature programming. The inlet temperature was 200 ℃,and hydrogen flame ionization detector was adopted with the temperature of 250 ℃;nitrogen gas was used as carrier gas with flow rate of 2.0 mL/min;the splitting-radio was 5 : 1,and sample size was 1 mL;the headspace tem-perature was 80 ℃ and the equilibrium time was 20 min. RESULTS:The linear range were 12.56-628.00 μg/mL for methanol(r=0.9997),20.22-1011.20 μg/mL for isopropanol(r=0.9999),1.96-97.76 μg/mL for acetonitrile(r=0.9997),3.10-154.88 μg/mL for dichloromethane(r=0.9998),20.69-1034.56 μg/mL for ethyl acetate(r=0.9998),and 3.53-176.72 μg/mL for toluene(r=0.9998);the limits of quantitation were 1.00,0.91,0.47,0.93,0.41 and 0.35 μg/mL respectively;the limits of detection were 0.31,0.30,0.14,0.31,0.12 and 0.11 μg/mL respectively;RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 3%;the recoveries were 94.53%-101.29%(RSD=2.15%,n=9),97.78%-103.42%(RSD=1.77%,n=9),96.99%-105.76%(RSD=2.59%,n=9),96.83%-102.05%(RSD=1.86%,n=9),97.98%-101.13%(RSD=0.88%,n=9)and 97.80%-102.40%(RSD=1.41%,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The method is sensitive and accurate,can be used for the simultaneous determination of 6 kinds of residual organic solvents in Omeprazole magnesium,such as methanol,isopropanol,acetonitrile,dichloromethane,eth-yl acetate and toluenein.

Changes of immunocyte subsets and their related factors in children with immune thrombocytopenia / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) and their related factors in children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) before and after therapy,and to analyze their clinical significance.Methods T-cells and DCs subsets were determined by flow cytometry both in 64 children with ITP (ITP group) before and after therapy and the control group.The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4,interferon-γ (IFN-γ),transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1),and IL-27 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results Treatments of glucocorticoid or IVIg were effective in 41 cases of 64 ITP children.Compared to the control group,helper T cells (Th),Th/suppressor T cells (Ts),T regulatory cells (Treg),plasmacytoid DC (pDC),pDC/myeloid DC (mDC),and TGF-β1 in ITP patient group before treatment were significantly lower,while IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 were significantly higher (P ＜0.05).In ITP group,Th,Th/Ts,Treg,pDC,pDC/mDC,TGF-β1,and IL-27 were significantly increased,while IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 were decreased in children with ITP after therapy and achieved response (P ＜ 0.05).However,there was no significant difference between before and after therapy in ITP children without treatment response (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions T cells and DCs subsets disorder and abnormal cytokine levels are observed in children with ITP,which can be corrected by immunosuppressive therapy,indicating that Th1 overactivity and the decrease of Treg and pDC both in quantity and function may be related to the pathogenesis of ITP in children.

Content Determination of Magnesium in Esomeprazole Magnesium by Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic E-mission Spectrometry / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the content determination of magnesium in esomeprazole magnesium. Methods:The content of magnesium in esomeprazole magnesium was determined by inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Re-sults:The linear range was 10.0-80.0 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8). The average recovery was 99.55% with RSD of 1.35% (n=9). The detection limit was 0. 000 75 μg·ml-1 and the quantitative limit was 0. 002 5 μg·ml-1 . Conclusion:The method is accurate, sensitive and reproducible, which can be used for the content determination of magnesium in esomeprazole magnesium.

Determination of Diisopropyl Sulfate in Ezetimibe by GC / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of diisopropyl sulfate in ezetimibe. Methods:Diisopropyl sul-fate was determined by GC with a DB-FFAP capillary column (30 m × 0. 32 mm, 0. 5 μm) and an FID. The carrier gas was nitrogen and the flow rate was 2. 0 ml·min-1 . The temperature program was as follows: the initial column temperature was 40 ℃, and then raised to 180 ℃ at a rate of 25℃·min-1 ,and maintained for 2 min. Results:Diisopropyl sulfate had a good linear relationship with-in the range of 4. 040-13. 466 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 8). The average recovery was 97. 57%and RSD was 2. 37% (n=9). Conclu-sion:The method is specific and reproducible with high sensitivity, which can be used to determine the content of diisopropyl sulfate in ezetimibe.

Determination of Residual Organic Solvents in Erlotinib Hydrochloride by Headspace Gas Chromatography / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a headspace capillary gas chromatography method for the determination of residual solvents in erlotinib hydrochloride .Methods:A DB-624 capillary column (30 m ×0.53 mm, 3.0 μm) was used and the carrier gas was nitro-gen.The flow rate was 2.0 ml· min-1 and the inlet temperature was 190℃.The FID detector temperature was 230 ℃.The column temperature program was with the initial temperature of 35℃( maitaining 8 min) , risen to 170℃with the rate of 28℃· min-1 ( main-taining 8 min) , and then risen to 200℃with the rate of 32℃· min-1 ( maintaining 7 min) .The headspace vial temperature was 100℃and the time was 30 min.Results:Ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride and n-butanol had a good linear relationship within the range of 0.68-409.14 μg· ml-1 (r=0.999 8),0.67-404.88 μg· ml-1 (r=0.999 8),1.71-51.31μg· ml-1 (r=0.999 7) and 0.72-431.12 μg· ml-1(r=0.999 8), respectively.The average recovery was 99.0% (RSD=0.41%, n=9), 100.2%(RSD=0.52%, n=9),97.1%(RSD=1.75%, n =9) and 102.5% (RSD=1.08%, n=9), respectively.Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate , which can be used for the determination of four residual organic solvents in erlotinib hydrochloride .

Clinical Observation of Urokinase and Alteplase Each Combined with Enoxaparin Sodium in the Treat-ment of Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare clinical efficacy,safety and economy of urokinase and alteplase each combined with Enoxaparin sodium in the treatment of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS:80 STEMI pa-tients were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 40 cases in each group. Both groups received Aspirin enteric-coated tablet for antiplatelet aggregation,and Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate tablet for anticoagulation before thrombolysis. Control group were given urokinase 1 500 000 U added into 0.9% Sodium chloride injection 100 ml,ivgtt,within 30 min;given Enoxaparin sodium injection 7 500 U intramuscularly 12 h after thrombolysis,for 3-5 d. Observation group was given Enoxaparin sodium 60 U/kg,ivgtt,1 mg/ml Alteplase for injection 8 ml with intravenous push,other 42 ml ivgtt within 90 min;continued to receive Enoxaparin sodium with 12 U/(kg·h)micro-pump for 48 h,followed by Low molecular weight heparin calcium injection 5 000 U intramuscularly,bid,for consecutive 5 d. Clinical efficacy of 2 groups were observed,and thrombolytic recanalization situa-tion were observed 30,60,90 and 120 min after thrombolysis. ECG,cost-effectiveness and ADR were also observed. RESULTS:The effective rate of observation group(92.50%)was significantly higher than that of control group(85.00%). The rates of throm-bolytic recanalization in observation group 60,90 and 120 min after thrombolysis were significantly higher than in control group, with statistical significance(P0.05). The incidence of ventricular aneu-rysm,pericardial effusion,heart failure or cardiac shock,angina pectoris after infarction,severe arrhythmia,death and other as-pects in observation group were significantly lower than in control group,with statistical significance(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Alteplase and enoxaparin thrombolysis therapy is better than urokinase and enoxaparin for STMEI in respects of clinical efficacy, and thrombolytic recanalization with less ADR and better safety;urokinase is cheaper and better than alteplase in cost-effectiveness ratio. Both of them can be used after careful consideration.

Analysis on results of membrane hybridization for detecting HPV / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection situation among female patients and its subtypes distribution rule for providing the measures of diagnosis and prevention .Methods The nucleic acid hybridization was adopted to de‐tect HPV subtypes of cervical exfoliated cells in 12 422 female outpatients and inpatients in a hospital .The HPV infection situation among different patients were analyzed .Results The HPV infection rate was 17 .0584% ,the HPV infection rate had statistical difference among different age groups (P<0 .01) .Totally 20 subtypes of HPV were identified .HPV16 ,HPV52 and HPV58 were the most prevalent high‐risk subtypes .Conclusion The HPV subtype detection can be used in the screening and condition judgment of cervical cancer .The key for the HPV positive population is early diagnosis and early treatment for blocking the HPV persistent infection and preventing the cervical cancer occurrence .

Characteristics of epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS in Yongzhou in 1993-2014 / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To analyze the characteristics of epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS in Yongzhou from 1993 to 2014,and provide evidence for HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategy.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on HIV/AIDS epidemic situation in Yongzhou from 1993 to 2014.Results A total of 2 917 HIV/AIDS cases were reported,the reported cases increased year by year;the ratio of male to female cases was 2.30∶1 ;52.04% were aged 20-49 years old,46.76% were aged ≥50 years old,the percentage of population ≥50 years old increased obviously in recent years;the major transmission route was sexual contact (88.48% ),gay transmission accounted for 2.64%.Conclusion The knowledge about AIDS in Yongzhou should be strengthened, intervention in high risk population should be implemented,scope of detection should be expanded,so as to prevent the transmission of AIDS effectively.

Determination of Trace Nickel in Agomelatine by Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of trace nickel in agomelatine. Methods:An inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method was applied in the determination at 221. 648 nm. The sample solution was prepared by the ignited residue of agomelatine. The content of nickel was determined using the standard curve. Results:The linear range was 0. 025-1. 000 μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 8). The RSD of precision was 0. 63%. The detection limit was 0. 000 8μg·ml-1. The quantitative limit was 0. 003μg·ml-1 . The average recovery was 99. 4% with RSD of 2. 20%. The RSD of repeatability was 1. 33%. Conclusion:The method is simple, sensitive and accurate in the determination of trace nickel in agomelatine.

Investigation on the Teaching Effect of the Cooperative Model between Colleges and Hospitals on the Training of Clinical Pharmacy Personnel / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To understand the teaching effect of cooperative training model between colleges and hospitals,and provide reference for the teaching effect of clinical pharmacy. METHODS:Questionnaire survey was conducted on 87 clinical phar-macy students that joint trained by our hospital and Chongqing Medical University. The questionnaire included the students’opin-ions on teachers,teaching materials,teaching methods and suggestions for teaching improvement,all the questionnaires were col-lected and analyzed. RESULTS:There were totally 87 effective question naires with effective rate of 100%. 94.25% of students showed overall satisfaction in cooperative training model between colleges and hospitals,however,5 students thought distribution of the theoretical study time and the traine time still exist some problems;57.48% of students considered the textbook was not suit-able to use and they made recommendations;25.29% of students thought that clinicians responsible for teaching was not appropri-ate,the main reason was clinicians were not clear enough for drug teaching. CONCLUSIONS:Compared with traditional teaching model,the clinical pharmacist training model of cooperation between college and hospital has certain advantages,but some prob-lems still exist in the teachers,textbooks and curriculum arrangements,which need to be further improved.

Determination of Residual Organic Solvents in Bromfenac Sodium by Headspace Gas Chromatography / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a headspace capillary GC method for the determination of residual solvents in bromfenac sodi-um. Methods:A headspace GC was used to separate the residual solvents on an HP-5 capillary column with an FID detector. The car-rier gas was nitrogen at the flow rate of 0. 8 ml·min-1 . The temperature of the injector was 200 ℃ and that of the FID was 250 ℃. The programmed column temperature was set as follows:maintained at 40℃ for 10 min, and then raised to 150℃ at the rate of 30℃·min-1 and maintained for 5 min. The containers of headspace injector were in equilibrium at 100 ℃ for 20 min. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the solvent. The amount of the residual solvents, such as methylbenzene, isopropanol, dichloromethane, methanol and iso-propyl ether was calculated by an external standard method. Results:All the solvents could be completely separated with good linear relationship. The average recovery of the five solvents was 98. 9%( RSD =2. 01%),99. 2% ( RSD =1. 95%),99. 6% ( RSD =1. 65%),100. 5%(RSD=1. 38%)and 100. 8%(RSD=1. 36%)(n=9),respectively. Conclusion:The method is simple and accu-rate in the determination of the five residual solvents in bromfenac sodium.

Determination of 4-Methyl-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) benzene-1, 3-diamine in Imatinib Mesylate by LC-MS/MS / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of 4-methyl-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diamine as an impurity in the preparation of imatinib mesylate. Methods: An LC-MS/MS method was used with ESI ion source con-trolled by a positive-ion mode. The MRM mode was performed with 278. 1/106. 1 as the scanning and ion-pair. Acetonitrile solution containing ammonium formate and formic acid was used with gradient elution. Results:The linear range was 1. 572~47. 160 ng/ml(r=0. 999 7). The detection limit was 0. 002 1ng and the limit of quantitation was 0. 006 8ng. The average recovery was 100. 9% with RSD of 2. 88. The results of specificity, solution stability, repeatability and durability all met the specification. Conclusion:The meth-od is sensitive, accurate and special in the determination of 4-methyl-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diamine in imatinib mesylate.

Application of case introduced method based on PACS system in medical imaging course / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To evaluate the teaching effects of case introduced method based on picture archiving and communication system (PACS) system in medical imaging course.Methods Totally 148 students (2009 grade) majored in five-year clinical medicine from Xiangya Medical College were divided into 10 groups; the 10 groups were taken randomly as control group (n=75) and experimental group (n=73).Control group used traditional teaching methods (film teaching) while experimental group used case introduced method based on PACS system.Effects of teaching between were evaluated by questionnaire and test.x2 test was used to compare students' theoretical test scores,with α level =0.05.Results Based on results of questionnaires,more students in experimental group than in control group hold that case introduced method based on PACS system can achieve the purpose of teaching,improve interests in learning,and strengthen the mastery of knowledge.Test scores showed that the percentage of students scored 90-100 and 80-89 (respectively 14％,75％) in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (respectively 5％,66％) (x2 =17.932,P=0.000).Conclusions Application of case introduced method based on PACS system in medical imaging course not only improve students' motivation to learn and their clinical ability,but also allow teachers to find and correct shortcomings of students timely,therefore,it is worth promoting.