RESUMO
Objective: To determine median values of biochemical maternal serum markers during second trimester maternal screening to rule out chromosomal anomaly, Down syndrome. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology [AFIP], from Nov 2016 to May 2017
Patients and Methods: Non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used. All healthy pregnant women with single pregnancy were included. As non-parametric statistics was used, the sample size was collected to be 155. Blood sample for serum human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] was analyzed on random access immulite 2000, alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] was analyzed on ADVIA Centaur, unconjugated estriol [uE3] and Inhibin A measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA] method by PR 4100 Micro plate Reader
Results: Total 155 women were enrolled in this study. Mean maternal age was 33.46 +/- 2.35 years and mean maternal body weight was 54.98 +/- 2.88 kg. Median value of quadruple markers, calculated from 15-18[th] week of gestation, was used for calculation of multiple of median [MoM] for screening of trisomy 21 in this gestational age. Median values at 15 week of gestation: hCG 36650 mIU/ml, AFP 23.3 IU/ml, uE3 3.5 nmol/l, Inh A 198 ng/l, at 16 week of gestation: hCG 29050 mIU/ml, AFP 35.4 IU/ml, uE3 4.1 nmol/l, Inhibin-A 179 ng/l; at 17 week of gestation: hCG 28450 mIU/ml, AFP 36.0 IU/ml, uE3 6.7 nmol/l, Inhibin-A 175 ng/l and at 18 week of gestation: HCG 25200 mIU/ml, AFP 38.2 IU/ml, uE3 8.2 nmol/l, Inhibin-A 190 ng/l
Conclusion: In this study we were able to get median values of quadruple markers for regional population, which will be used in future to calculate MoM for the screening purpose of Down syndrome. It will help to rule out Down syndrome by non-invasive test and at early stage of pregnancy
RESUMO
Background: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion or insulin action correlated with chronic hyperglycemia and other disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism results in weakening immunity. In addition, various biochemical disorders associated with diabetic vascular complications, such as hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress frequently co-exist with diabetes mellitus. Previous studies have also suggested that these and additional factors might involve with increasing chemical stress in diabetic patients
Material and methods: The questionnaire based survey was conducted including both close and open ended questions along with the assessment of chemical stress using Sadaf Stress Scale [SSS] version 2 among diabetic patients. This study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Karachi from October 1st till November 10th, 2014. Data was analyzed and plotted using SPSS version 20.0
Results: This study showed that 28% of diabetic patients were in severe chemical stress. However, the various symptoms of severity included body temperature alterations [50%], feeling of dehydration [56%] and shortness of breath [63%] were obtained
Conclusion: It is concluded that the diabetes patient with type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of developing chemical stress that may indicate multiple metabolic and as indicated by prominent symptoms that can be a oxidative alterations on sequence of increase use of medications and altered glucose metabolism