RESUMO
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a tremendous threat to vegetables across the globe, including in Pakistan. The present work was conducted to investigate the genetic variability of CMV isolates infecting pea and spinach vegetables in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Serological-based surveys during 2016-2017 revealed 31.70% overall CMV disease incidence from pea and spinach crops. Triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) revealed that all the positive isolates belong to CMV subgroup II. Two selected cDNA from ELISA-positive samples representing each pea and spinach crops were PCR-amplified (ca.1100 bp) and sequenced corresponding to the CMV CP gene which shared 93.7% nucleotide identity with each other. Both the sequences of CMV pea (AAHAP) and spinach (AARS) isolates from Pakistan were submitted to GenBank as accession nos. MH119071 and MH119073, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed 93.4% sequence identity of AAHAP isolate with SpK (KC763473) from Iran while AARS isolate shared maximum identity (94.5%) with the strain 241 (AJ585519) from Australia and clustered with some reference isolates of CMV subgroup II from UK (Z12818) and USA (AF127976) in a Neighbour joining phylogenetic reconstruction. A total of 59 polymorphic (segregating) sites (S) with nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.06218 was evident while no INDEL event was observed in Pakistani isolates. The evolutionary distance of Pakistani CMV isolates was recorded as 0.0657 with each other and 0.0574-0.2964 with other CMV isolates reported elsewhere in the world. A frequent gene flow (Fst = 0.30478 <0.33) was observed between Pakistani and earlier reported CMV isolates. In genetic differentiation analysis, the value of three permutation-based statistical tests viz; Z (84.3011), Snn (0.82456), and Ks* (4.04042) were non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed the [...].
Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) é uma tremenda ameaça aos vegetais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Paquistão. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para investigar a variabilidade genética de isolados de CMV infectando vegetais de ervilha e espinafre na região de Pothwar, Paquistão. Pesquisas com base em sorologia durante 2016-2017 revelaram 31,70% da incidência geral da doença por CMV em safras de ervilha e espinafre. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em sanduíche de anticorpo triplo (TAS-ELISA) revelou que todos os isolados positivos pertencem ao subgrupo II do CMV. Dois cDNA selecionados de amostras positivas para ELISA representando cada safra de ervilha e espinafre foram amplificados por PCR (ca.1100 pb) e sequenciados correspondendo ao gene CMV CP que compartilhou 93,7% de identidade de nucleotídeo um com o outro. Ambas as sequências de isolados de ervilha CMV (AAHAP) e espinafre (AARS) do Paquistão foram submetidas ao GenBank como nos de acesso. MH119071 e MH119073, respectivamente. A análise BLAST revelou 93,4% de identidade de sequência do isolado AAHAP com SpK (KC763473) do Irã, enquanto o isolado AARS compartilhou a identidade máxima (94,5%) com a cepa 241 (AJ585519) da Austrália e agrupada com alguns isolados de referência do subgrupo II de CMV do Reino Unido (Z12818) e EUA (AF127976) em uma reconstrução filogenética vizinha. Um total de 59 sítios polimórficos (segregantes) (S) com diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) de 0,06218 foi evidente, enquanto nenhum evento INDEL foi observado em isolados do Paquistão. A distância evolutiva de isolados de CMV do Paquistão foi registrada como 0,0657 entre si e 0,0574-0,2964 com outros isolados de CMV relatados em outras partes do mundo. Um fluxo gênico frequente (Fst = 0,30478 < 0,33) foi observado entre os isolados de CMV do Paquistão e relatados anteriormente. Na análise de diferenciação genética, os valores de três testes estatísticos baseados em [...].
Assuntos
Animais , Bromoviridae/genética , Bromoviridae/patogenicidade , Pisum sativum/virologia , Spinacia oleracea/virologiaRESUMO
Abstract Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a tremendous threat to vegetables across the globe, including in Pakistan. The present work was conducted to investigate the genetic variability of CMV isolates infecting pea and spinach vegetables in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Serological-based surveys during 2016-2017 revealed 31.70% overall CMV disease incidence from pea and spinach crops. Triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) revealed that all the positive isolates belong to CMV subgroup II. Two selected cDNA from ELISA-positive samples representing each pea and spinach crops were PCR-amplified (ca.1100 bp) and sequenced corresponding to the CMV CP gene which shared 93.7% nucleotide identity with each other. Both the sequences of CMV pea (AAHAP) and spinach (AARS) isolates from Pakistan were submitted to GenBank as accession nos. MH119071 and MH119073, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed 93.4% sequence identity of AAHAP isolate with SpK (KC763473) from Iran while AARS isolate shared maximum identity (94.5%) with the strain 241 (AJ585519) from Australia and clustered with some reference isolates of CMV subgroup II from UK (Z12818) and USA (AF127976) in a Neighbour-joining phylogenetic reconstruction. A total of 59 polymorphic (segregating) sites (S) with nucleotide diversity () of 0.06218 was evident while no INDEL event was observed in Pakistani isolates. The evolutionary distance of Pakistani CMV isolates was recorded as 0.0657 with each other and 0.0574-0.2964 with other CMV isolates reported elsewhere in the world. A frequent gene flow (Fst = 0.30478 0.33) was observed between Pakistani and earlier reported CMV isolates. In genetic differentiation analysis, the value of three permutation-based statistical tests viz; Z (84.3011), Snn (0.82456), and Ks* (4.04042) were non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed the values 2.02535, 0.01468, and 0.71862 of Tajima's D, Fu, & Lis F* and D* respectively, demonstrating that the CMV population is under balancing selection.
Resumo Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) é uma tremenda ameaça aos vegetais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Paquistão. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para investigar a variabilidade genética de isolados de CMV infectando vegetais de ervilha e espinafre na região de Pothwar, Paquistão. Pesquisas com base em sorologia durante 2016-2017 revelaram 31,70% da incidência geral da doença por CMV em safras de ervilha e espinafre. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em sanduíche de anticorpo triplo (TAS-ELISA) revelou que todos os isolados positivos pertencem ao subgrupo II do CMV. Dois cDNA selecionados de amostras positivas para ELISA representando cada safra de ervilha e espinafre foram amplificados por PCR (ca.1100 pb) e sequenciados correspondendo ao gene CMV CP que compartilhou 93,7% de identidade de nucleotídeo um com o outro. Ambas as sequências de isolados de ervilha CMV (AAHAP) e espinafre (AARS) do Paquistão foram submetidas ao GenBank como nos de acesso. MH119071 e MH119073, respectivamente. A análise BLAST revelou 93,4% de identidade de sequência do isolado AAHAP com SpK (KC763473) do Irã, enquanto o isolado AARS compartilhou a identidade máxima (94,5%) com a cepa 241 (AJ585519) da Austrália e agrupada com alguns isolados de referência do subgrupo II de CMV do Reino Unido (Z12818) e EUA (AF127976) em uma reconstrução filogenética vizinha. Um total de 59 sítios polimórficos (segregantes) (S) com diversidade de nucleotídeos () de 0,06218 foi evidente, enquanto nenhum evento INDEL foi observado em isolados do Paquistão. A distância evolutiva de isolados de CMV do Paquistão foi registrada como 0,0657 entre si e 0,0574-0,2964 com outros isolados de CMV relatados em outras partes do mundo. Um fluxo gênico frequente (Fst = 0,30478 0,33) foi observado entre os isolados de CMV do Paquistão e relatados anteriormente. Na análise de diferenciação genética, os valores de três testes estatísticos baseados em permutação viz, Z (84,3011), Snn (0,82456) e Ks * (4,04042) não foram significativos. A análise estatística revelou os valores 2,02535, 0,01468 e 0,71862 de Tajimas D, Fu, & Lis F * e D * respectivamente, demonstrando que a população de CMV está sob seleção de balanceamento.
RESUMO
Abstract Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a tremendous threat to vegetables across the globe, including in Pakistan. The present work was conducted to investigate the genetic variability of CMV isolates infecting pea and spinach vegetables in the Pothwar region of Pakistan. Serological-based surveys during 2016-2017 revealed 31.70% overall CMV disease incidence from pea and spinach crops. Triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) revealed that all the positive isolates belong to CMV subgroup II. Two selected cDNA from ELISA-positive samples representing each pea and spinach crops were PCR-amplified (ca.1100 bp) and sequenced corresponding to the CMV CP gene which shared 93.7% nucleotide identity with each other. Both the sequences of CMV pea (AAHAP) and spinach (AARS) isolates from Pakistan were submitted to GenBank as accession nos. MH119071 and MH119073, respectively. BLAST analysis revealed 93.4% sequence identity of AAHAP isolate with SpK (KC763473) from Iran while AARS isolate shared maximum identity (94.5%) with the strain 241 (AJ585519) from Australia and clustered with some reference isolates of CMV subgroup II from UK (Z12818) and USA (AF127976) in a Neighbour-joining phylogenetic reconstruction. A total of 59 polymorphic (segregating) sites (S) with nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.06218 was evident while no INDEL event was observed in Pakistani isolates. The evolutionary distance of Pakistani CMV isolates was recorded as 0.0657 with each other and 0.0574-0.2964 with other CMV isolates reported elsewhere in the world. A frequent gene flow (Fst = 0.30478 <0.33) was observed between Pakistani and earlier reported CMV isolates. In genetic differentiation analysis, the value of three permutation-based statistical tests viz; Z (84.3011), Snn (0.82456), and Ks* (4.04042) were non-significant. The statistical analysis revealed the values 2.02535, 0.01468, and 0.71862 of Tajima's D, Fu, & Li's F* and D* respectively, demonstrating that the CMV population is under balancing selection.
Resumo Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) é uma tremenda ameaça aos vegetais em todo o mundo, inclusive no Paquistão. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para investigar a variabilidade genética de isolados de CMV infectando vegetais de ervilha e espinafre na região de Pothwar, Paquistão. Pesquisas com base em sorologia durante 2016-2017 revelaram 31,70% da incidência geral da doença por CMV em safras de ervilha e espinafre. O ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em sanduíche de anticorpo triplo (TAS-ELISA) revelou que todos os isolados positivos pertencem ao subgrupo II do CMV. Dois cDNA selecionados de amostras positivas para ELISA representando cada safra de ervilha e espinafre foram amplificados por PCR (ca.1100 pb) e sequenciados correspondendo ao gene CMV CP que compartilhou 93,7% de identidade de nucleotídeo um com o outro. Ambas as sequências de isolados de ervilha CMV (AAHAP) e espinafre (AARS) do Paquistão foram submetidas ao GenBank como nos de acesso. MH119071 e MH119073, respectivamente. A análise BLAST revelou 93,4% de identidade de sequência do isolado AAHAP com SpK (KC763473) do Irã, enquanto o isolado AARS compartilhou a identidade máxima (94,5%) com a cepa 241 (AJ585519) da Austrália e agrupada com alguns isolados de referência do subgrupo II de CMV do Reino Unido (Z12818) e EUA (AF127976) em uma reconstrução filogenética vizinha. Um total de 59 sítios polimórficos (segregantes) (S) com diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) de 0,06218 foi evidente, enquanto nenhum evento INDEL foi observado em isolados do Paquistão. A distância evolutiva de isolados de CMV do Paquistão foi registrada como 0,0657 entre si e 0,0574-0,2964 com outros isolados de CMV relatados em outras partes do mundo. Um fluxo gênico frequente (Fst = 0,30478 < 0,33) foi observado entre os isolados de CMV do Paquistão e relatados anteriormente. Na análise de diferenciação genética, os valores de três testes estatísticos baseados em permutação viz, Z (84,3011), Snn (0,82456) e Ks * (4,04042) não foram significativos. A análise estatística revelou os valores 2,02535, 0,01468 e 0,71862 de Tajima's D, Fu, & Li's F * e D * respectivamente, demonstrando que a população de CMV está sob seleção de balanceamento.
Assuntos
Cucumovirus/genética , Cucumis sativus , Paquistão , Filogenia , Doenças das Plantas , Variação Genética , Spinacia oleracea , Pisum sativumRESUMO
Background: Internet use provides the user with intellectual disability an opportunity for socialisation, entertainment, and knowledge. User with mild intellectual disability use internet more frequently during free time as well as for entertainment. The present case study is on the use of internet among users with mild intellectual disability. The users approached for management of addictive behaviour. Material and methods: Clinical interview, the Internet Addiction Test, the Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire, and the Pornography Addiction Screening Tool were administered in individual setting. Results: The users found to have addictive use of internet, pornography, and game. It was associated with disturbance in their life style. Conclusions: It has implications for screening the addictive use of technology and their management among users with mild intellectual disability.
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Introduction : Une étude épidémiologique descriptive de l'état bucco-dentaire des adolescents, a été menée dans le but de déterminer la prévalence, et les facteurs de risque de la maladie carieuse en milieu scolaire.Matériels et méthodes : L'enquête a concerné un échantillon de 1003 adolescents âgés de 12 à 18 ans scolarisés au sein de collèges publiques et privés de la région CASA-ANFA. Le niveau socio-économique, le niveau d'instruction de parents, la consommation de sucreries, les habitudes d'hygiène bucco-dentaire, la prévalence de la carie, l'indice CAOD (Nombre de dents permanentes cariées, absentes et obturées), et le MIH (Hypominéralisation molaire incisive) ont été étudiés.Résultats : La prévalence de la carie était élevée (74,9%), l'indice CAOD présentait une moyenne de 3,15 (écart type : 2,699), et le taux du MIH était de 16,0%. Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé une association statistiquement significative entre la carie dentaire et la fréquence de consommation de sucreries par les adolescents (p = 0,000043), entre le MIH et la carie dentaire (p = 0,034821), et aussi entre les habitudes de brossage dentaire et le niveau d'instruction des parents (p = 0,000378). Ces informations montrent la nécessité de développer un programme régional de promotion de la santé bucco-dentaire chez les adolescents en milieu scolaire
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Adolescente , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Marrocos , Saúde Bucal , Instituições Acadêmicas , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate undergraduate medical students' perceptions to Blackboard [Bb] utilization learning management systems in terms of benefits and difficulties. The study was conducted at the College of Medicine, King Saud University. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the students. The questionnaire consisted of three parts including demographic information, utilization of Bb and difficulties while using Bb. A total of 808 questionnaires were distributed with 42% response rate. Among the participants, 224 [65.7%] were male and 116 [34.3%] were female students. Of them, 78.1% reported "disagreement and strong disagreement" on "Bb usefulness in communicating with the instructor". However, 74.1% students reported "disagreed and strongly disagreed" on "Bb usefulness in communicating with other students", whereas majority of the students [71.8%] did not use multimedia available in Bb system. Also, 61% students agreed that there is a "lack of formal training" on the use of Bb in the college, and 37.2% students agreed that the using "Bb system is a time consuming". However, 39.2% students did not know about the Bb systems add any additional burden on the students. The disagreement trend of male and female students concerned with the Bb utility and difficulties were almost same. The finding of the study showed a poor utilization of Bb learning features. Students faced technical difficulties while using Bb. The findings of this study indicate the need of compulsory students training of any newly introduced learning management systems including Bb in the educational institute
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudantes de Medicina , Percepção , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
To evaluate the training quality of the Saudi Orthopedic Residency Program in general, and to compare the Riyadh training center with other training centers in Saudi Arabia. A group of 38 residents from Riyadh and 32 residents from other centers in Saudi Arabia were surveyed in a cross-sectional manner. The participants completed carefully designed questionnaires pertaining to the most critical issues of their training. Reading peer-reviewed, scholarly articles was more popular with trainees in Riyadh compared with trainees working outside Riyadh, for whom textbooks were the dominant educational resource [P = 0.028]. The data revealed insufficiencies in surgical training in the trauma discipline in Riyadh and relative deficiencies of surgical experience in subspecialties outside of Riyadh. In contrast to residents trained outside of Riyadh, Riyadh trainees denied having a weak level of training [P = 0.021]. Examination scores did not reflect the actual level of resident competency according to the residents' responses. The program's capacity could not accommodate the growing number of trainees. Both groups reported similar levels of expertise with regard to the basic orthopedic operative skills. Educational resources should be within the reach of all residents. Senior supervisors should not compromise resident training. The number of trainees should be proportional to program capacity. Resident feedback should not be neglected, and the program committee must recognize delinquent trainers and protect the trainees from them. Deficient areas of training should be identified and rectified. A case logbook may be used as an indicator of surgical exposure. Frequent changes to examination formats, dates and locations should be avoided
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Humanos , Internato e Residência , Educação Médica , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Hallux valgus is the most common deformity of the great toe. Many traditional forms of osteotomy are available, but none has proven to be superior, despite their aggressiveness. The Mini TightRope[registered] [Arthrex Inc.] procedure appears to be a less invasive alternative, and the objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the procedure is an effective surgical option for reducing the intermetatarsal angle [IMA] and hallux valgus angle [HVA] in cases of hallux valgus of mild-to-moderate severity. Four patients [four feet] with hallux valgus underwent the Mini TightRope procedure. All the patients were women, and their mean age was 30.5 years. All patients were reviewed before and after the procedure, with an average post-operative follow-up of 1 year. The IMA, HVA and sesamoid bone position were the radiological indicators of correction. In the four operated patients, the mean IMA decreased from 15.75[degree] to 4.5[degree] and the mean HVA from 31.25[degree] to 5.75[degree]. The Mini TightRope procedure is a simpler, more effective, less invasive surgical option than other procedures and seems to correct IMA and HVA satisfactorily in cases of hallux valgus of mild-to-moderate severity. In view of the small number of cases and short follow-up, further studies with more cases and longer follow-up are needed.
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To explore Family Medicine Trainees views regarding the hospital component of their Family Medicine [FM] training program. This is a qualitative focus group discussion based study. Thirteen trainees, eight from final year of FM training program and five from third year of the same program participated in the study. The structure for discussion included a previously distributed and completed questionnaire that included three sections. The first section was evaluation of the satisfaction of trainees with the different hospital specialties rotations. The second section related to reasons for rating the different rotations as excellent and very good. The third section related to deficiencies in training for those rotations which received a score of 3-5. The items in the questionnaire were utilized in the focus group discussion. Two facilitators who were investigators facilitated the discussion. The data was qualitatively analyzed to identify emergent themes and subthemes that described the trainees' views. The trainees highlighted the following views: Teaching in the hospital component is not relevant to the needs of Family Medicine trainees. Duration of the hospital posts should be reviewed. Emphasis should be on out-patient clinics rather than in-patient. More emphasis must be given to procedural skills, minor surgery and teaching in clinical contexts. Hospital training component of the Family Medicine training program should be reviewed, as the structure and its implementation doesn't reflect the views of trainees regarding its relevance to their day to day practice
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Médicos de Família , Hospitais de Ensino , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
To explore the views of undergraduate medical students regarding the presence and sources of barriers to effective feedback in their setting. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Medicine, Department of Medical Education, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from April to June 2010. A self-administered questionnaire was used to explore the objectives of the study. One hundred and eighty-six male undergraduate medical students participated in this study. Approximately 45% indicated presence of barriers to effective feedback. These include: absence of a clear system of feedback; inadequate skills of teachers for provision-effective feedback; and to a lesser extent, students' fear of insult due to feedback. Most participants showed their interest and readiness to receive more professional feedback in the future. This study has showed the presence of barriers as perceived by medical students, which could significantly minimize utilization of feedback in medical education. The reported barriers should be addressed to utilize the vital role of feedback in the learning process of undergraduate medical students.
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Medical education is perceived as being stressful, and a high level of stress may have a negative effect on cognitive functioning and learning of students in a medical school. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of stress among medical students and to observe an association between the levels of stress and their academic performance, including the sources of their stress. All the medical students from year one to year five levels from the College of Medicine, King Saud University, were enrolled in the study. The study was conducted using Kessler10 psychological distress (K10) inventory, which measures the level of stress according to none, mild, moderate, and severe categories. The prevalence of stress was measured and compared with the five study variables, such as gender, academic year, academic grades, regularity to course attendance, and perceived physical problems. The response rate among the study subjects was 87% (n=892). The total prevalence of stress was 63%, and the prevalence of severe stress was 25%. The prevalence of stress was higher (p<0.5) among females (75.7%) than among males (57%) (odds ratio=2.3, χ2=27.2, p<0.0001). The stress significantly decreased as the year of study increased, except for the final year. The study variables, including being female (p<0.0001), year of study (p<0.001), and presence of perceived physical problems (p<0.0001), were found as independent significant risk factors for the outcome variables of stress. Students’ grade point average (academic score) or regularity to attend classes was not significantly associated with the stress level. The prevalence of stress was higher during the initial three years of study and among the female students. Physical problems are associated with high stress levels. Preventive mental health services, therefore, could be made an integral part of routine clinical services for medical students, especially in the initial academic years, to prevent such occurrence.
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To evaluate the ability of preadmission criteria used in most health professional schools in Saudi Arabia to predict the in-program performance. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at King Fahd Medical City, Faculty of Medicine, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between July and September 2008. Four sets were used to examine the predictive power of preadmission variables. The variables are the academic abilities [high school grades], aptitude test, achievement test, and an interview. The criterion variables were the undergraduate grade point averages' [GPAs] of medical college students [n=193]. The correlation between admission variables and the GPA was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analyses. Inclusion of all 4 admission tools in a regression analysis as predictors of GPA performance revealed that only the achievement test was statistically predictive of the GPA. Approximately 6.5% of variance in the GPA can be accounted for by the current admission criteria. The current admission criteria provide some insight into the predicted future performance of students. The inclusion of other valid and reliable admissions tools, such as the multiple mini-interviews and the questionnaire for candidate's suitability to follow a problem-based learning curriculum, should be considered
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Faculdades de Medicina , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos de Coortes , Estudantes de MedicinaRESUMO
This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of family medicine providers and their attitudes towards emergency contraception in a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A 21-item questionnaire containing the demographic profile of respondents and questions concerning knowledge of and attitudes towards emergency contraception was distributed among participants. In total, 45 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 100%, with faculty physicians (33%), residents (27%), medical officers (40%), 36% male and 64% female physicians; of them, the majority (64%) were married. Although the large majority (71%) of the respondents reported considerable familiarity with emergency contraception, objective assessment revealed deficiencies in their knowledge. About 38% of the participants incorrectly chose menstrual irregularity as the most common side-effect of progestin-only emergency contraception pills, and only 33% answered that emergency contraception was not an abortifacient while 42% were unsure. Forty percent of the physicians prescribed emergency contraception in the past. The large majority (71%) of the physicians were familiar with emergency contraception, yet deficiencies in knowledge inaccuracies were identified. Barriers to its use were identified as ‘it will promote promiscuity’ (31%), religious/ethical reasons (27%), liability (40%), teratogenicity (44%), and inexperience (40%). Overall attitudes regarding emergency contraception were positive; however, most (82%) physicians were unsatisfied with their current knowledge of emergency contraception, and there was a discrepancy between perceptions of physicians and actual knowledge. Interventions providing education to family physicians regarding emergency contraception is strongly recommended.
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To determine the patterns of presentation of acute otitis media [AOM] diagnostic ability and antibiotic prescription by family physicians. This is a cross-sectional study conducted at 11 PHCC in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia over 3 month period. Twenty eight family physicians participated in the study. A total of 135 children, less than 5 years of age and presenting with a new episode of AOM were included. The age group [> 30] months had more children presenting with earache compared to other age groups [p < 0.05]. Redness of the TM had the highest [> 50%] certainty level compared to other TM signs [94%] p < 0.05, while retracted TM had the highest [
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Médicos de Família , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Distribuição por Idade , Gerenciamento ClínicoRESUMO
There is an international move from traditional curriculum towards the learner - centered, and patient-oriented curriculum. In spite of its advantages, problem-based learning requires a larger number of teaching staff and space. This study was done to compare the problem-based learning [PBL], lectures and modified PBL methods. Thirty-three fifth year medical students who were taking the Family Medicine rotation participated in the study at the College of Medicine, King Saud University. Three instructors participated in the teaching of three topics to the three groups of students. Students acted as control for themselves across the three instructional methods, namely; lectures, PBL and modified PBL. The main outcomes were students' recall of knowledge, problem solving skills and topic comprehension. In the initial assessment, there was a significant difference in favor of PBL and the modified PBL regarding comprehension of the topic as tested by the short answer questions [p = 0.0001], problem solving skills as tested by the modified essay question [p = 0.002]. Non-significant results were observed at the second stage of assessment. The modified PBL method was the preferred one for 39% of the students, followed by the PBL [36%] and lastly the lectures [25%].This empirical study suggests some advantages for the PBL method and the modified PBL over the lecture method. Larger studies are needed to confirm our results of this important issue as the modified PBL is an affordable option for schools that can not meet the staff and space requirements of the PBL curriculum
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Humanos , Avaliação Educacional , Ensino/métodos , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas , Tecnologia EducacionalRESUMO
Regulation of intracellular calcium plays a key role in hypertension. Hypertension has been estimated to complicate 5% of all pregnancies and 11% of first pregnancies. Half of the pregnant women with hypertension have pre-eclampsia. Hypertensive disorders account for up to 40 000 maternal deaths annually. To compare total serum calcium levels in pregnant women complicated with pre-eclampsia with those in normotensive control. This is a case-control hospital based study carried out at Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Khartoum Teaching Hospital, and Khartoum North Teaching Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan in the period from October 2006 to June 2007. One hundred thirty-five women were enrolled in this study. 90 women with pregnancy - induced hypertension [PIH] admitted after 20[th] week of pregnancy represented the study group. Forty five women with normal pregnancy, at same age; same gestational age were selected as control group. The mean [ +/- SD] serum calcium of the study group was 8.38 +/- 1.04 mg/dl, while that of the control group was 9.04 +/- 1.13mg/dl [P= 0.001]. Low level of maternal total calcium may have a role in the development PIH. Therefore calcium consumption in pregnancy should be encouraged. Calcium supplement is recommended for women who live in places of low socioeconomic status as well as for women who prefer to skip milk and milk products due to personal preference
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Humanos , Feminino , Hipertensão Induzida pela Gravidez/sangue , Gravidez , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Estudos de Casos e ControlesRESUMO
The teaching of Evidence Based Medicine [EBM] has been increasingly integrated into curricula at both undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. The aims of this paper were to: i] describe King Saud University [KSU] experience of teaching EBM for medical students ii] explore students' satisfaction with the module, their practice of what was learned and obstacles faced. Six months after completing the module, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 43 female students. The majority [> 90%] of the students found the EBM module helpful in their clinical practice and favored it's inclusion in the FM rotation. About 38% of students found difficulty in searching the literatures for information and only 45% practiced EBM in other clinical rotations. The majority of the students [78%] found that the six weeks' duration was enough for the module. About 77.5% of the students thought that EBM was important for their career. It is reassuring to find the students satisfied with the EBM module. In view of the students' difficulty in literature searching and lack of practice in other clinical rotations which are going in common with others recommendations; it is suggested that EBM teaching to take place earlier in the medical school curriculum and to involve different specialties in it's teaching
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Educação Médica , Faculdades de Medicina , Projetos Piloto , Currículo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudantes de MedicinaRESUMO
Dans l'objectif d'evaluer la place qu'occupe la prevention Bucco-Dentaire au sein du Centre de Consultation et de Traitement Dentaire de Casablanca; nous avons mene une enquete descriptive; entre le 24 Avril 2006 et le 15 Mai 2006. Notre echantillon etait constitue de 129 praticiens incluant l'ensemble des etudiants de la 5eme annee; des internes et des residents exercant au Centre de Consultation et de Traitement Dentaire de Casablanca. La collecte des donnees a ete realisee a l'aide d'un questionnaire comportant 42 questions; reparties en 5 volets. Parmi les resultats trouves : 100des praticiens font la motivation a l'Hygiene Bucco-Dentaire a leurs patients; 99;2des praticiens donnent des recommandations concernant la frequence et la methode de brossage et 85;7des praticiens conseillent a leurs patients un dentifrice fluore. 66;4des praticiens donnent a leurs patients des conseils dietetiques. Pour 89;9des praticiens; l'hygiene de leurs patients est amelioree apres motivation a l'Hygiene Bucco-Dentaire. Nous avons egalement note que 95;8des praticiens rapportent que la pratique professionnelle de la prevention Bucco-Dentaire rencontre des obstacles et 56;3des praticiens ont juge que la formation actuelle en matiere de prevention bucco-dentaire n'est pas suffisante. A l'issue de ces resultats; il parait que la prevention Bucco-Dentaire occupe une place importante dans la pratique quotidienne au sein du Centre de Consultation et de Traitement Dentaire de Casablanca. Toutefois; la presence de certains obstacles entrave la bonne pratique de cette prevention. Par ailleurs; des efforts restent encore a deployer en vue de promouvoir la formation aussi bien que la pratique de la prevention Bucco-Dentaire au Centre de Consultation et de Traitement Dentaire de Casablanca
Assuntos
Inquéritos de Saúde Bucal , Dietética , Higiene BucalRESUMO
Le traitement orthodontique chez l'enfant se solde souvent par la presence de sequelles souvent indelebiles sur certaines dents qui resultent d'un mauvais suivi clinique.C'est pourquoi le role du pedodontiste est primordial a tous les stades du traitement d'orthodontie. La complementarite de l'orthodontiste et du pedodontiste doit se manifester non seulement avant le traitement orthodontique; mais aussi pendant et apres celui-ci.Avant le traitement orthodontique; la preparation bucco-dentaire est une etape primordiale puisqu'elle permettra d'assainir la cavite buccale. Le pedodontiste doit aussi intervenir au cours du traitement et des la fin de celui-ci afin d'intercepter toutes les anomalies passageres avant l'installation des complications
Assuntos
Criança , Cárie Dentária , Ortodontia CorretivaRESUMO
La carie de la petite enfance (CPE), définie comme étant la présence d'une face cariée, absente (pour cause de carie) ou obturée sur une dent primaire d'un enfant âgé de 6 à 71 mois, est qualifiée de maladie infectieuse pédiatrique la plus fréquente et de principale maladie chronique chez l'enfant. Ses effets dépassent la cavité buccale et influencent l'ensemble de la santé et de bien être de l'enfant et de sa famille.La prévention de la CPE doit passer d'abord par l'information et l'éducation des jeunes mamans quant aux facteurs de risque, méthodes et moyens de prévention. Dans cette optique, une affiche et une brochure portant sur les causes, les conséquences et la prévention de cette pathologie dentaire ont été conçues en langue Arabe. 1187 exemplaires ont été distribués dans les centres de santé, les cabinets de pédiatrie et les cabinets dentaires dans 20 villes marocaines.Afin de tester l'impact de ces outils d'information, une étude a été menée auprès d'un échantillon de 40 mamans ayant des enfants de bas âge (entre 6 mois et 3 ans) consultant le service de Pédodontie- prévention du CCTD et l'unité d'odontologie pédiatrique à l'hôpital d'enfant de Casablanca.75 % des mamans ont trouvé que l'affiche était claire et parlante. Les différents volets ont été compris en totalité chez 65% des mamans et 12% ont compris uniquement le volet prévention.Quant à l'apport de la brochure, elle a complété la compréhension du message véhiculé par l'affiche dans 47,5% des cas.On peut conclure alors que les deux supports (fiche et brochure) sont utiles pour l'information et l'éducation des mamans par rapport à la CPE. Cependant, d'autres méthodes doivent être également utilisées afin de renforcer le message et contribuer aux changements des comportements