Split half reliability of modified hand test

Objective: To establish psychometrics of main study entitled "Adaptation, Modification and Development of Norms of Hand Test in Pakistan." Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of the study: Government College University, Lahore, from Jan 2017 to Jun 2017

Material and Methods: Modified version of Hand Test consisting of fourteen stimuli were administered to a sample of 500 participants which were selected from various cities of Pakistan. Participants were bifurcated into 350 normal, 50 maladjusted, neurotic and psychotic each age ranged from 11 to 80 years with [M=34.44 +/- SD=17.34. In the present study, four new stimuli were adapted through a pilot study comprising 100 participants [50 normal and 50 psychotics] on the criteria of stimulus ability to generate responses in more scoring categories as well as varied range of responses. These four stimuli were divided into two groups, group one consisted of stimulus 1,3,5,7,9,11 and 13 whereas group two consisted of stimulus 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14

Results: Cronbach alpha was computed for the entire sample as well as for the above-mentioned groups. It remained moderate for combined scoring categories as overall for interpersonal as r=0.39, environmental as r=25, maladjustive as r=36 and withdrawal as r=54 Cronbach alpha remained high for other scoring categories and groups including action for neurotic=0.86, crippled for maladjusted r=65, direction for normal r=62, aggression for psychotic r=60, bizarre for maladjusted, psychotic and overall r=72, 0.84 and 0.83 respectively

Conclusion: Modified version of Hand Test provided promising results in terms of split half reliability and discrimination across categories of sample

Incidence of malignant lymphomas in balochistan

Traditionally lymphomas are classified into Hodgkin's disease [HD] and Non Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL] depending upon histo-pathological evidence on biopsy taken from an enlarged lymph node. Delayed diagnosis in lymphoma deteriorates the health eminence resulting in poor outcome. The aim of the study is to estimate the incidence and clinical presentation of malignant lymphomas in Balochistan. Prospective Study. This study was carried in the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta from June, 2006 to May, 2012. A total of 263 newly diagnosed patients of both types of lymphoma from different parts of Balochistan were registered in Bolan Medical Complex Hospital in Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology. Followed by histopathology, WHO classification and Ann Arbor staging was done to assign subtype and extent of disease. It was found that the incidence of Non Hodgkin's lymphoma a [64.7%] was greater than Hodgkin's disease [35.2%] and both present bimodal distribution in age. Male patients dominate female patients in both cases [2.5:1]. Lymph-adenopathy of cervical region was primary site in 44 % of cases while 27.6 % were extra nodal. Histopathology shows 57.4 % mixed cellularity variant in Hodgkin's lymphoma and 25.5% diffuse B cell pattern in Non Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Arbor staging reveals that 3.4% cases present with stage I and 64.5% show stage IV. To conclude Non Hodgkin's lymphoma is two times more frequent than Hodgkin's lymphoma with greater male contribution. Due to delayed diagnosis resulted in late stage presentation ,health awareness is needed for physicians and general population for availability of patients at a due time for management

Transperitoneal drainage versus non drainage in advanced secondary peritonitis due to enteric fever

Background: Whether or not to utilize peritoneal drainage in patients with diffuse peritonitis has been a subject of controversy for years

Objective: This study was designed to compare the incidence of various postoperative complications after ileostomy in secondary advanced peritonitis due to enteric perforation with or without drains

Patients and Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in Surgical UnitI, Sheikh Zayed hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, from 1[st] January 2010 to 30 September 2010. All patients having history of secondary peritonitis for more than 48 hours were included in the study. Ileostomy was performed in patients showing features of systemic toxicity. Patients were randomized into two groups; Group A, in whom transperitoneal drainage was employed and Group B, without drainage. Patients with primary repair were excluded from the study

Results: A total of 50 patients with secondary peritonitis due to typhoid perforation [with evidence of systemic toxicity] requiring ileostomy, with or without gut resection, were included in this study. Mean age of patients was 24.75 +/- 10 years. 56% was males with M:F ratio of 1.27:1 Twenty six patients were without drainage and twenty four patients had drainage [group A and B]. Mean post operative hospital stay for group A and B were 9.5 +/- 0.5 and 6.5 +/- 0.51 respectively. 5 patients in group A, developed wound infection as compared to 3 patients in group B. In group A one patient got burst abdomen, two patients got intra abdominal collection, one chest infection compared to none in group B

Conclusion: The study has shown no benefit of drainage of peritoneal cavity in secondary advanced peritonitis, infact there was a slightly higher rate of complications like burst abdomen, intra abdominal collection and pulmonary infections among patients in whom drain was placed

Type A behavior pattern: an important predictor of traffic accidents

The present research was conducted to determine the relationship between rate of traffic accidents and type A Behavior pattern. In order to test the hypothesis of positive relation between these two variables, 101 drivers were interviewed. They were given personal history questionnaire and check list of Type A to Fill. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to find out the significance of the results. Positive Correlation was found between traffic accidents and type A behavior pattern