Trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio predicts a subsequent blood pressure in normal-weight pubertal boys: a 3-year follow-up of the Kitakata Kids Health Study

BACKGROUND@#Limited evidence exists regarding the relationship between central-to-peripheral fat ratio measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and subsequent cardiometabolic risk in both pediatric and adult populations.@*METHODS@#The present cohort study investigated the relationship between DXA-measured body fat distribution and cardiometabolic parameters. The source population was 275 4th-6th graders (aged 9.6-12.6 years) in the northeast region of Japan (Shiokawa area in Kitakata). A 3-year follow-up was conducted to obtain complete information from 155 normal-weight children (87 boys and 68 girls). Normal-weight children were identified using sex- and age-specific international cut-offs for body mass index (BMI) based on adult BMI values of 25 kg/m and 18.5 kg/m, respectively. Body fat distribution was assessed using the trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR) and trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) measured by DXA.@*RESULTS@#In boys, systolic blood pressure (SBP) at follow-up showed a significant relationship with TAR at baseline after adjusting for age, height, pubic hair appearance, SBP, and whole body fat at baseline (β = 0.24, P < 0.05), and SBP also showed a significant relationship with TLR after adjusting for confounding factors including whole body fat (β = 0.25, P < 0.05). In girls, there were no significant relationships between blood pressure and TAR/TLR.@*CONCLUSION@#Body fat distribution in normal-weight boys predicted subsequent blood pressure levels in adolescence. The relationship between fat distribution and blood pressure was independent of fat volume.

Metabolic response to short-term 4-day energy restriction in a controlled study

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>Metabolic rate is affected not solely by diet but also by environmental characteristics such as climate and seasonal changes in day length. In the present study, we conducted a controlled study in which we observed metabolic response to short-term energy restriction (ER).</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Thirty-two subjects were divided randomly into a slight ER group and a moderate ER group. The energy intake per day for slight ER vs moderate ER was 1462 kcal vs 1114 kcal. During the 4-day study periods, the same daily timetable, which consists of nutrition, exercise, sleeping and others, was imposed on both groups. The same environment was also provided to both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the 4-day ER, significant decreases in body weight and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were shown in both groups. The decrease in body weight was 2% of the baseline level in both groups, and the decreases in the BMR were 6% of baseline levels in the slight ER group and 13% in the moderate ER group. The decrease in BMR in the moderate ER group was significantly larger than that in the slight ER group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In a controlled study of short-term ER, we observed a significant decrease in BMR. There was a positive association between the degree of ER and the reduction in BMR. Reductions in BMR were greater than those in body weight. It, thus, appears that the minimization of weight loss is due to dramatic decreases in BMR. This suggests the existence of metabolic resistance against ER.</p>

Metabolic Response to Short-Term 4-Day Energy Restriction in a Controlled Study

Objectives: Metabolic rate is affected not solely by diet but also by environmental characteristics such as climate and seasonal changes in day length. In the present study, we conducted a controlled study in which we observed metabolic response to short-term energy restriction (ER). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two subjects were divided randomly into a slight ER group and a moderate ER group. The energy intake per day for slight ER vs moderate ER was 1462 kcal vs 1114 kcal. During the 4-day study periods, the same daily timetable, which consists of nutrition, exercise, sleeping and others, was imposed on both groups. The same environment was also provided to both groups. Results: After the 4-day ER, significant decreases in body weight and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were shown in both groups. The decrease in body weight was 2% of the baseline level in both groups, and the decreases in the BMR were 6% of baseline levels in the slight ER group and 13% in the moderate ER group. The decrease in BMR in the moderate ER group was significantly larger than that in the slight ER group. Conclusions: In a controlled study of short-term ER, we observed a significant decrease in BMR. There was a positive association between the degree of ER and the reduction in BMR. Reductions in BMR were greater than those in body weight. It, thus, appears that the minimization of weight loss is due to dramatic decreases in BMR. This suggests the existence of metabolic resistance against ER.