Socioeconomic and environmental factors affecting malaria infection in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt

Malaria as a disease has been identified in Egypt since ancient times. Remnant residual foci are still localized in two districts; Sinnuris and Faiyoum, Faiyoum Governorate. The work focused on socioeconomic and environmental factors affecting malaria infection. The results showed that malaria infection increase with the decrease of socioeconomic level of families, educational level of examined individuals and among unemployed or students. The infection increase among those lived in muddy or bad constructed house near the breeding places. The infection decreased significantly among who owned animal sheds and had large number of animals. The indoors use of 5% mala-thion did not affect the malaria infection

Malariometric parasitological survey in EI-Fayoum governorate, Egypt

Egypt represents the only focus in the Mediterranean region where Plasmodium falciparum transmission still occurs. A total number of 9065 individuals of different ages of both sexes were examined. 7236 [79.82%] individuals examined during [MBE] i.e. house-to-house visit; 1184 [13.06%] individuals examined by [PCD] i.e passive case detection; and 645 [7.12%] individuals represented [NOD]. The total number of positive cases was 52. Out of them, two only were P.vivax. But, the rest were P. falciparum, 32 cases [61.54%] were detected by MBE, 12 cases [23.08%] by PCD and 8 cases [15.38%] by NOD. The mean age of the total positive cases was 20.54 +/- 14.93 years. It was found that malaria infection didn't affected by sex. The parasite rate [PR] among was 0.57%, parasite formula was 96.15% for P. falciparum and 3.85% for P. vivax, species infection rate [SIR] was 0.55% for P. falciparum and 0.02% for P. vivax. Gametocytaemia was 74% of the total positive malaria cases. High parasite density [PD] was encountered among the younger age groups less than.five years

Development of schistosomal school-based health education model for Yemeni school children

In this study, 152 students [90 males and 62 females] of primary [5[th] and 6[th] grades, 52 males and 30 females] and preparatory [1[st] and 2[nd] grades, 38 males and 32 females] schoolchildren of different age and sex group inhabited in two endemic villages with Schistosoma mansoni in Taiz Governorate were examination. The highest prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni were-among males at the age group from 10-<12years. A significant relationship was recorded between prevalence and intensity of infection and those who using pond water for human usage. The prevalence was significantly higher among children who received previous praziquantel treatment as well as those who didn't have TV, Radio and/or Video. The results were discussed on the light of certain variables

Bionomics of the anopheline vectoes in an endemic area in fayoum governorate, Egypt

A one-year longitudinal entomological study was carried out at Kafr Fazara village, Sinnuris District, Faiyoum Governorate from January to December 1996. The results revealed that three species of anophelines were found. A.sergenti was the most prevalent species followed by A. multicolor and the least prevalent one was A. pharoensis. The influence of climatic conditions on anopheline abundance was also studied. The mean monthly temperature has a significant effect on larvae abundance, while no significant correlation was found concerning relative humidity or wind speed for both larvae and adult anophelines. The transmission season of P. falciparum in Faiyoum Governorate extended to more than eight months a year which could explain the persistence of malaria up there. The bionomics of the recorded vectors were discussed

Helisoma duryi as a biocontrol agent under laboratory conditions: I-competitive interactions between helisoma duryi and biomphalaria Alexandrina snails

Helisoma duryi has been suggested as a bio-control agent against the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. In the present laboratory study, information was obtained concerning the interspecific competition between H. duryi and B. alexandrina snails. The obtained results revealed that the mortality rate among the adult B. alexandrina snails was significantly increased. Besides the hatching of the egg masses and further development of the juveniles were highly influenced by the presence of Helisoma. Some chemical changes in the water conditioned by Helisoma occurred in the form of significant reduction of calcium, chloride and pH. While there was a significant increase in potassium, sodium which led to significant reduction in Ca/Ma, Ca/Na and Ca/K ratios. The results also demonstrated that water conditioned by by H. duryi decreased the egg hatchability of B. alexandrina and impeded the development of newly hatched snails. This was highly manifested among egg masses in water conditioned for 60 days. The egg hatchability of the target snails in association with Helisoma was affected by the availability of the food supply. It was noticed that the number of hatched egg masses decreased as the number of Helisoma increased. H. duryi was a voracious feeder, it eats the leaves themselves. The behavior was more pronounced when the acquaria were devoid of food supply

Helisoma duryi as a biocontrol agent under laboratory conditions: II-effect of h duryi on the cercarial production of schistosoma mansoni infected biomphalaria alexandrina snails

The effect of H. duryi on the cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni infected B. alexandrina snails was studied. The obtained results revealed that: the death rate of the infected snails was increased as the number of H. duryi increased. The average cercarial production per snail was decreased as the number of H. Duryi increased. On the other hand, the infection rate and the snail cercarial production per 100 exposed B. alexandrina snails were increased as the number of H. duryi decreased and was greatest at proportion 10:2

Resistance of helisoma duryi to infection by schistosoma mansoni after exposure to intense radiation

The effect of radiation as a stressing factor on the larval development of S.mansoni, Delta strain in H.duryi snails as judged by histopathological examinations as well as the effect of radiation on the infection rate and cercarial production in both B. alexandria and H. duryi was investigated. Snails exposed to two total radiation doses: 2000 and 4000 rad/snail 24 hours prior to infection by S.mansoni. The obtained results revealed that no single snail of Helisoma emerged cercariae. As regards B.alexandrina snails, groups exposed to radiation were associated with higher infection rate and more cercarial count than the control group. Histopathological examinations revealed some developmental stages up to mother and daughter sporocysts followed by deterioration with ultimate destruction and removal by phagocytosis indicating that Helisoma is still resistant to infection after exposure to intense radiation

Lanistes carinatus: for biological control of biomphalaria Alexandria snails II biological features

The present work was designed to study the biological features of the ampullarid snail L. carinatus especially its bacteriology and nutritive value since it is consumed locally by some people especially during summer time, after lightly processed. L. carinatus snails were collected from a randomly selected irrigation canal in Khorshid village near Alexandria. The snails were subjected to bacteriological isolation procedures using various culture media and also for biochemical analysis to review its nutritive value. The obtained results showed that 70% of the snail samples were positive for Ps. aeruginosa, Strept. faecalis and Cl. perfringens. While 30% were positive for Esch. coli and Aerobic spore bearing bacilli. The results also revealed that the chemical composition of the snail was: moisture [83.38%], total solids [16.62%], crude protein [76.07%], crude fat [7.80%], carbohydrates [13.89%] and Ash [2.24%]. It is nearly similar to that of Boltifish

Helisoma duryI for the biological control of biomphalaria Alexandrina under laboratory conditions I] biological competitive interactions

In the present laboratory study information was obtained concerning the interspecific competition between H. Duryi and B. Alexandrina snails. The results indicated that the mortality rate among the adult B. Alexandrina snails was significantly increased. In addition the hatching of the egg masses and further development of the juveniles of the target snails were highly influenced by both the presence of Helisoma snails themselves and by the water conditioned by them

Isolation of viable and infective Giarida Lamblia cysts from drinking water in Alexandria

A total of 40 water samples were taken over a period of 3 months; 15 samples from the special canal of drinking water representing the raw water, 15 samples from the finished water tank of Bab-Sharky water treatment plant and 10 tap water of High Institute of Public Health. The Chang and Kelber technique [1956] was used for preparation of water samples and then examined microscopically for detection of the Giardia cysts. Laboratory bred parasite-free white rats [Rattus norvegicus albinus] were used for animal infectivity. They were inoculated with doses of Giardia cysts isolated from raw, finished and tap water samples. The obtained results revealed the isolation of viable and infective Giardia cysts from raw, finished and tap water samples as indicated by animal infectivity. The most likely expected causes for the presence of Giardia cysts were discussed

Helisoma duryi for the biological control of biomphalaria alexandrina under laboratory conditions, II: Competitive interactions: chemical, biochemical and histochemical

The present study investigates the influence of H. Duryi on the chemical conditioning of the environment, as well as the possible changes in the biochemical parameters of the soft tissues and the histochemical changes of the digestive gland and the connective tissue of both H. duryi and B. alexandrina. The results indicated that there were some changes in the chemical conditioning of the environment in the form of a significant increase in magnesium, sodium and potassium Ph and significant increase in magnesium, sodium and potassium leading to significant reduction in Ca/Na and Ca/K ratios. The results of the biochemical analysis of the soft tissues of the target snail, B. alexandrina showed a high value of the glucose content and a decreased value of chloride with increasing time periods

vaccination trial against vampirolepis Nana

In order to assess the protective antigen in the soluble material extracted from the whole adult mature worms of Vampirolepis nana, forty mice were used in this study. They were divided into three groups. Group I [15 mice] vaccinated with single oral dose antigen of 200 micro g protein/15 grams body weight. Group II [15 mice] vaccinated with double dose each 100 micro g protein/15 grams body weight. The interval between the primary and secondary administration of antigen was 10 days. Group III represents the comparative control group. All mice of the three groups were inoculated orally with 1000 V. nana eggs/mouse suspended in 0.1 ml normal saline. Group I was inoculated by the infective dose 10 days post vaccination. Group II was inoculated 10 days from the second dose of vaccination. The obtained results revealed the presence of protective antigen in the extracted material and the higher dose was more immunogenic. It manifested itself in the form of significantly decreased number of adult and mature worms and significantly elevated eosinophilic count

bacteriology of the common fresh water snails in Egypt

The present work was designed to determine the microflora associated with the fresh water snails commonly found in freshwater canals and drains in Egypt. Different snails were collected from a randomly selected irrigation canal in Khorshid village, near Alexandria. They were identified and subjected to bacteriological isolation procedures using various culture media. Water samples were also taken from the microhabitat of each snail species and examined using the same bacteriological procedures applied for snails. The obtained results revealed that: Esch.coli; Aci. calcoaceticus; Citro.freundi; Strept. faecalis; Eik.corrodens; Pr.vulgaris; Kl.aerogenes and Ent.cloacae were isolated from B. alexandrina snails, Ps. aeruginosa; Esch.coli and Aci.calcoaceticus were isolated from B.truncatus snails, Ps. aeruginosa; Esch.coli; Citro.freundi; Pr.vulgaris; Cl.perfringens; Y.enterocolitica and Aerobic spore bearing bacilli were isolated from L.cailliaudi snails. Ps.aeruginosa; Esch.coli; Strept.faecalis; Cl.perfringens; and Aerobic spore bearing bacilli were isolated from L.carinatus snails. Ps.aeruginosa; Cl.perfringens and Aerobic spore bearing bacilli were isolated from P.acuta snails. The results also showed that the bacterial agents isolated from snails' water microhabitat were: Ps.aeruginosa [B.truncatus, L.carinatus and P.acuta snails]; Esch.coli [B.alexandria; B.trucatus and L.cailliaudi snails]; Aci.calcoaceticus [B.truncatus snails]; Strept.faecalis [B.alexandrina snails]; Pr.vulgaris [B.alexandrina snails]. From the obtained results, it was concluded that freshwater snails can play a role in transmission of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Besides at the same time such snails can be used as indicators of stream pollution

Effects of praziquantel [biltricide] on healthy miceI- Haematological study

In order to detect the possible adverse effects of praziquantel, 40 healthy mice were used in the experiment. Each one was given the drug at a dose of 40 mg per kg body weight orally by stomach tube. Hematological investigations as determination of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit percent and total erythrocytic count were done at intervals of 24 hours after drug administration, 72 hours an at the end of each week for 6 weeks. Five mice were used as a comparative control group. The results obtained revealed that the host developed macrocytic hypochromic type of anemia with transient polycythemia at the end of 1s week then developed macrocytic hypochromic anemia from the end of 2nd week onwards

Effects of praziquantel [biltricide] on healthy mice: II- Hepatobiochemical and hepato-renal histopathological studies

This work was designed in order to study the effect of praziquantel on some hepatobiochemical and hepatorenal histopathological changes of healthy mice treated with a single oral dose of 40 mg per kgm body weight. Forty mice were used in the experiment as a study group. Five of the treated mice and five controls were killed at different time intervals 24, 72 hours and then weekly for a period of 6 weeks. The obtained results revealed that significant changes of hepatoenzymes viz glutamic pyruvic transaminase [GPT], Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were appeared. Hepatolipogram was affected significantly. Not only that but hepatoelectrolytes were also interrupted during the period of experiment. On the other hand, no histopathological changes were detected in the liver and kidney tissues of the treated group as compared with the control

extended molluscicidal effect of ambrosia maritima [damsissa] in the field

With the aim of studying the extended molluscicidal effect of Ambrosia maritima [damsissa] in the field, a snail survey was made on the chosen experimental canal at Abbis II village, Alexandria Governorate. A treatment with dry damsissa plant was used in conc. 75 ppm. The plant has proved to be able to control the snail vectors of bilharziasis, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus and their eggs for quite a long extended time at a very low concentration. Also it does not cause stream pollution or kill non target organisms

Hematological studies in hymenolepis nana infection in Alexandria

A sample of 1721 individuals of both sexes with different age groups and districts [urban, rural and mixed] was investigated and 198 [11.50%] of them were found free clinically but infected with Hymenolepis nana alone representing the study group. Hematological investigations as determination of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit percent and total erythrocytic count were done. Blood indices were calculated to determine the types of anemia associated with Hymenolepiasis nana. The present study aims to investigate the development and the types of anemia associated with Hymenolepis nana. The obtained results demonstrated that four types of anemia were recorded. 13.13% of the infected cases developed normocytic hypochromic anemia, 17.68% has a normocytic normochromic anaemia, 57.07% showed macrocytic normochromic anemia and 12.12% developed macrocytic hypochromic anemia

lethal effect of ambrosia maritima [damsissa] on bulinus deccarii from Gizan, Saudi Arabia

Lab. Experimentations were carried out to determine the effect of Ambrosia maritima [damsissa] on Bulinus beccarii, the vector of Schistosoma hematobium in Saudi Arabia. A concentration of 1000 ppm, w/v was found to have a quite lethal effect on Bulinus beccarii snails in the laboratory

Evaluation of merthiolateIodine-formaldehyde concentration [MIFC] technique and the test-tube culture for the detection of ancylostoma duodenale and strongyloides stercoralis

A random sample of 163 stool specimens were collected from Abbis II and Khorshid villages. One portion of the fresh stool was preserved in MIF solution and another one was taken for cultivation by test-tube culture technique. This preliminary study was designed to evaluate the MIF-concentration technique and the test-tube culture for the detection of Ancylostoma duodenale and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. The obtained results showed that the percentage of Strongyloides stercoralis detection was [0.61%] by MIF-concentration technique while it was [14.72%] by test-tube culture. The difference was statistically significant