Sleep quality among primary and middle school students in Shenzhen City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand sleep quarity among primary and middle school students in Shenzhen City, so as to provide data support for sleeping quality improvement.@*Methods@#A survey was conducted among 8 742 children selected from two 12 year schools in Longhua District of Shenzhen City, by purposive sampling method from December 22, 2020 to January 15, 2021. The general information was investigated with the self designed questionnaire, and sleep disturbance was investigated and evaluated with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). And Chi square test was applied for data analysis.@*Results@#About 47.61 % of primary and middle school students in Shenzhen City reported sleep disturbance, 10.84% of students had moderate to severe sleep disturbance. The overall rate of sleep disturbance and moderate and to severe sleep disturbance among primary school students (48.03%, 10.04%), junior middle schools (45.89%, 11.30%), senior middle schools (52.61%, 16.83%) were found of statistically significant differences ( χ 2=8.89, 27.05, P <0.05). The time to fall asleep for primary school students, junior school students and senior school students at night during the study period were 22:00-23:00 (90.35%), 22:00-23:00 (62.37%), and 23:00-01:00 (61.44%), respectively, and the time to fall asleep of the different stages students were found of statistically significant differences ( χ 2=1 470.17, P <0.01). About 41.04% of students could fall asleep within 15 minutes and 50.57% could fall asleep within 15 to 30 minutes, and the differences in the latency for different stages students to fall asleep at night were of statistical significance ( χ 2=82.92, P <0.01); 8.03% of primary and middle school students had a night sleep time of over 9 hours, and 45.97 % had a night sleep time of 8-9 hours, and the differences in the night sleep time among different stages students were of statistical significance ( χ 2=1 292.86, P <0.01).@*Conclusions@#The main sleep problems among primary and secondary school students in Shenzhen City are insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality. The relevant departments should emphasize the sleep health education among children and their parents, so as to improve their sleep quality.

Selection of intraocular lens calculation formula for cataract surgery in glaucoma patients / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Glaucoma and cataracts are the leading causes of blindness, and surgery is an important treatment option. Patients with glaucoma have clinical characteristics such as high intraocular pressure, shallow anterior chamber and short axial length, and the ocular structure is often altered after anti-glaucoma surgery like trabeculectomy. These changes also lead to differences in the accuracy of intraocular lens(IOL)refractive calculation between cataract surgery after anti-glaucoma surgery or combined glaucoma and cataract surgery and alone cataract surgery. Meanwhile glaucoma patients' individual clinical characteristics and structural changes caused by anti-glaucoma surgery have shown differences in the impact on the predictive accuracy of IOL diopters and the type of refractive drift. This article reviews the latest research advances in the causes of refractive error(RE), the characteristics of refractive drift, and the selection of the most appropriate IOL formula for glaucoma patients undergoing cataract surgery or cataract surgery after anti-glaucoma surgery or combined glaucoma and cataract surgery.

Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of gout in China / 中华内科杂志

Gout is a metabolic disease resulting from the accumulation of monosodium urate (MSU) in joints, leading to crystal-induced arthritis. In China, gout is common, but there is insufficient knowledge regarding standardized criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Based on evidence and guidelines from China and other countries, the Chinese Rheumatology Association developed standardized criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of gout in China. The purpose was to standardize gout diagnosis methods as well as treatment opportunities and strategies in order to reduce misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, and irreversible damage.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Isatis indigotica Germplasm Materials by Chloroplast DNA Variation and ISSR Molecular Marker / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the sequence variation and genetic diversity of 47 Isatis indigotica germplasm materials， and carry out the study on the genetic differentiation and structure. MethodGenomic DNA of 47 I. indigotica germplasm materials were extracted by kit extraction method. Two chloroplast DNA （cp DNA） sequences and five inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） primers were used for amplification and sequencing. Chromas， Mega 7.0， DanSP5， and GenALEx were used to calibrate， splice， and analyze the sequence characteristics. PERMUT and PopGen 1.31 were used to analyze the genetic diversity parameters and genetic structure， and NTSYS was used to obtain the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means（UPGMA） clustering tree plot of 47 I. indigotica germplasm materials. ResultA total of 129 samples from 47 I. indigotica germplasm materials were successfully amplified and sequenced. The length of 2 cp DNA sequences after spliced was 1 412 bp， and there were 377 polymorphic variation loci， and 36 haplotypes. Fu and Li's D* test was significant （P<0.01）. The values of Pi， HS， and HT based on cp DNA were 0.119 89， 0.787， and 0.891， respectively. The genetic differentiation coefficients of gene differentiation coefficient（Gst）， nucleotide differentiation coefficient（Nst）， and fixation index（Fst） were 0.117， 0.468， and 0.488， respectively， and the gene flow （Nm） was 0.615. The mean values of PPB， Shannon information diversity index（I）， Nei's genetic diversity index（H）， and Gst based on ISSR were 78.85%， 0.334 8， 0.218 6， and 0.754 4， respectively， and the Nm value was 0.162 8. ConclusionI. indigotica has high genetic diversity and abundant haplotypes at the species level， with abundant haplotypes. Genetic differentiation among different germplasm materials is obvious， and gene exchange is not frequent. Genetic variation mainly exists among populations. The population has accumulated various low-frequency gene mutations recently， suggesting that it has experienced significant regional expansion in the history.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Isatis indigotica Germplasm Materials by Chloroplast DNA Variation and ISSR Molecular Marker / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the sequence variation and genetic diversity of 47 Isatis indigotica germplasm materials， and carry out the study on the genetic differentiation and structure. MethodGenomic DNA of 47 I. indigotica germplasm materials were extracted by kit extraction method. Two chloroplast DNA （cp DNA） sequences and five inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） primers were used for amplification and sequencing. Chromas， Mega 7.0， DanSP5， and GenALEx were used to calibrate， splice， and analyze the sequence characteristics. PERMUT and PopGen 1.31 were used to analyze the genetic diversity parameters and genetic structure， and NTSYS was used to obtain the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means（UPGMA） clustering tree plot of 47 I. indigotica germplasm materials. ResultA total of 129 samples from 47 I. indigotica germplasm materials were successfully amplified and sequenced. The length of 2 cp DNA sequences after spliced was 1 412 bp， and there were 377 polymorphic variation loci， and 36 haplotypes. Fu and Li's D* test was significant （P<0.01）. The values of Pi， HS， and HT based on cp DNA were 0.119 89， 0.787， and 0.891， respectively. The genetic differentiation coefficients of gene differentiation coefficient（Gst）， nucleotide differentiation coefficient（Nst）， and fixation index（Fst） were 0.117， 0.468， and 0.488， respectively， and the gene flow （Nm） was 0.615. The mean values of PPB， Shannon information diversity index（I）， Nei's genetic diversity index（H）， and Gst based on ISSR were 78.85%， 0.334 8， 0.218 6， and 0.754 4， respectively， and the Nm value was 0.162 8. ConclusionI. indigotica has high genetic diversity and abundant haplotypes at the species level， with abundant haplotypes. Genetic differentiation among different germplasm materials is obvious， and gene exchange is not frequent. Genetic variation mainly exists among populations. The population has accumulated various low-frequency gene mutations recently， suggesting that it has experienced significant regional expansion in the history.

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells expression and its clinical significance in ankylosing spondylitis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the peripheral blood of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, and to analyze its clinical significance.Methods:Sixty-four AS patients from September 2020 to September 2022 in Fujian Provincial Hospital and 60 healthy controls were enrolled. The expression of MAIT cells and CD69 +MAIT cells were detected by immunofluorescence. Spondylarthritis research consortium of Canada (SPARCC) scores of sacroiliac joint magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were calculated and were analyzed based on clinical data. The changes of MAIT cells were observed in 7 patients with AS after treatment. t test, variance analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:The expression of MAIT cells in the peripheral of AS patients was significantly lower than that in the controls [(2.81±0.27)% and (4.46±0.86)% respectively, t=2.33, P=0.022], while CD69 +MAIT cells were significantly higher [(12.0±1.0)% and (7.8±1.2)% respectively, t=2.31, P=0.024]. The level of CD69 +MAIT cells were significantly positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ( r=0.39, P=0.010), C-reactive protein (CRP) ( r=0.36, P=0.012), ASDAS ( r=0.35, P=0.013) and SPARCC scores ( r=0.38, P=0.006) of AS patients. ASDAS scores and CD69 +MAIT cells obviously decreased in 7 treated AS patients ( F=7.62, P=0.007 and F=4.97, P=0.027 respectively). Conclusion:The expression of peripheral MAIT cells in AS patients is lower than that in healthy controls, but the number of the activated MAIT cells is increased. Levels of activated MAIT cells may in some extent reflect the inflammatory state and disease activity of AS, as well as inflammatory destruction of sacroiliac joint, and therapeutic effect. MAIT cells may partially participate in the inflammatory response and play a role in the pathogenesis of AS.

SWOT analysis of HIV control strategy in key areas of Zhejiang Province / 预防医学

Objective @#To analyze the problems in the AIDS control strategy in key areas of Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into the improvement of the control strategy.@*Methods @#The AIDS control data were collected from 10 key counties (districts) in Zhejiang Province, and the AIDS control strategy was comprehensively evaluated using a SWOT analysis.@*Results @#The strengths of the AIDS control strategy in key counties (districts) of Zhejiang Province included distinct working objectives, well-organized leadership, and effective control measures, the weaknesses included large number of HIV-infected cases, high burden of disease, difficulty in management of AIDS transmission and insufficient AIDS control capability, and the opportunities included the AIDS control in key counties (districts) conforming to the current status of AIDS control, strong support of innovative strategies and technical support from professional teams, while the threats included insufficient working mechanisms for AIDS control, the gap between the effectiveness of AIDS control and the target goal and unverified scientific evidence of the control strategy. Supported policies should be fully used, working mechanisms need to be improved, control strategies need to be innovated, and assessments need to be implemented for AIDS control in key counties (districts). @*Conclusions @#There are both opportunities and challenges for AIDS control in key counties (districts) of Zhejiang Province. Optimization of the working mechanisms, promotion of precision interventions, and search for repeatable control strategy in other disease-affected regions are required for AIDS control.

The clinical significance of the transforming growth factor-β receptor I expression in na?ve CD4 + T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical significance of the transforming growth factor-β receptor I (TGF-βRⅠ) expression in na?ve CD4 + T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods:Na?ve CD4 + T cells were purified using magnetic microbeads from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SLE patients and healthy controls. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect TGF-βRⅠ mRNA level, and flow cytometry was used to detect the percentage of CD69 +CD4 + T cells. Data were analyzed by t test and Pearson correlation analysis. Results:The level of TGF-βR Ⅰ mRNA in na?ve CD4 + T cells from SLE patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls [(0.674±0.873) vs (1.445±1.112), t=2.301, P<0.05]. The TGF-βR Ⅰ mRNA level was negatively correlated with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) ( r=-0.376, P<0.05), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ( r=-0.376, P<0.05), serum creatinine ( r=-0.323, P<0.05) and 24 h urine protein ( r=-0.331, P<0.05), and positively correlated with serum com-plement C3 ( r=0.528, P<0.01). The level of TGF-βRⅠ mRNA level in na?ve CD4 + T cells in SLE patients with renal involvement was lower than that in SLE patients without renal involvement [(0.525±0.536) vs (1.071±1.007), t=2.198, P<0.05]. The TGF-βR Ⅰ mRNA level in the na?ve CD4 + T cells in anti-dsDNA antibody positive group was lower than that in the anti-dsDNA antibody negative group [(0.344±0.315) vs (0.958±1.076), t=2.277, P<0.05]. The expression of TGF-βRⅠ mRNA in na?ve CD4 + T cells from SLE patients was reduced after 24 h stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads [(0.047±0.013) vs (1.008±0.129), t=14.38, P<0.01], which was partially reversed by dexamethasone treatment [(0.240±0.042) vs (0.047±0.013), t=7.845, P<0.01]. Meanwhile, dexamethasone significantly decreased the expression of CD69 in CD4 + T cells [(15.0±2.1)% vs(34.9±2.0)%, t=32.57, P<0.01]. Conclusion:The abnormally low expression of TGF-βRⅠ in na?ve CD4 + T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Glucocorticoid treatment can upregulate the expression of TGF-βRI and inhibit the activation of T cells, This suggests suggesting that TGF-βRⅠ may be a potential target for SLE treatment.

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells expression in the salivary gland and its clinical significance in primary Sj?gren′s syndrome / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the salivary gland of primary Sj?gren′s syndrome (pSS) patients, and to analyze its clinical significance.Methods:Thirty-two pSS patients and 27 non-pSS controls who had salivary gland biopsies were enrolled. The expression of MAIT cells was detected by immunofluorescence and then analyzed based on clinical data. T test, variance analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results:The expression of MAIT cells in the salivary gland of pSS patients was significantly higher than in controls [(2.40±0.33)/gland and (0.79±0.13)/gland respectively, t=4.24, P<0.01]. In pSS patients with mouth dryness ( n=26), MAIT cells in the sali-vary gland were significantly increased compared with those without [(2.73±0.38)/gland vs (0.95±0.15)/gland, t=2.24, P=0.03]. In patients with dental caries ( n=17), MAIT cells in the salivary gland were also significantly increased [(3.13±0.54)/gland vs (1.57±0.20)/gland, t=2.57, P=0.02]. The expression of MAIT cells in the salivary gland of pSS patients was positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and European League Against Rheumatism Sj?gren′s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) scores ( r=0.37, P=0.04 and r=0.65, P<0.01 respectively). In pSS patients with positive SSA antibody ( n=23), the amount of MAIT cells was more than controls [(2.89±0.40)/gland vs (1.13±0.32)/gland, t=2.61, P=0.01]. The level of MAIT cells in the salivary gland was higher in pSS patients with more lymphocytic foci [one foci: (1.50±0.49)/gland, two foci: (2.29±0.52)/gland, three foci(3.66±0.59)/gland; F=4.22, P=0.02]. Conclusion:The expression of MAIT cells in the salivary gland of pSS patients is significantly higher than non-pSS controls, and is correlated with oral symptoms, disease activity and the production of autoantibodies. This may suggest that MAIT cells may participate in the local inflammation response and play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS.

Probing the new strategy for the oral formulations of taxanes: changing the method with the situation / 中国天然药物

The first-generation taxanes (including paclitaxel and docetaxel) are widely used for the treatment of various cancers in clinical settings. In the past decade, a series of new-generation taxanes have been developed which are effective in the inhibition of tumor resistance. However, intravenous (i.v.) infusion is still the only route of administration, and may result in serious adverse reactions with respect to the utilization of Cremophor EL or Tween-80 as solvent. Besides, the dosing schedule is also limited. Therefore, oral administration of taxanes is urgently needed to avoid the adverse reactionss and increase dosing frequency. In this review, we first outlined the discovery and development of taxane-based anticancer agents. Furthermore, we summarized the research progress on the oral formulations of taxanes and proposed some thoughts on the future development of oral taxane formulations.

Epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases aged50 years or over in Zhejiang Province from 2015 to 2019 / 预防医学

Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases aged 50 years or over in Zhejiang Province from 2015 to 2019, so as to provide reference for the development of prevention and control strategies.@*Methods @#The data of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases in Zhejiang Province were collected through the China HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System, and the demographic characteristics, infection routes,regional distribution and time distribution of the cases were analyzed. @*Results@#A total of 6 726 HIV/AIDS patients were recruited in this study, and the number of new patients from 2015 to 2019 showed an increasing trend ( P <0.05 ) . The number of participants diagnosed at the age of 50-59, 60-69 and 70-91 years old were 3 433( 51.04% ), 2 242 ( 33.33% ) and 1 051 ( 15.63% ). The majority of them were males ( 5 180, 77.01% ) , married ( 4 286, 63.72% ) , Zhejiang residents ( 5 304, 78.86% ) , and lived in rural areas ( 4 095, 60.88% ) . In terms of exposure history,6 586 cases ( 97.92% ) were infected by sexual contact. Among the 5 083 males infected by sexual contact, 82.63% were through heterosexual contact, 94.79% had extramarital sex partners, among whom 76.61% were commercial sex partners. The married women patients who confirmed HIV positive accounted for 75.44%. There were increasing trends in the proportion of the cases living in rural areas, male cases infected through heterosexual contact and those with extramarital and commercial sex partners, and female cases with their husbands positive along with age ( P <0.05 ) . @*Conclusions@#The number of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases aged ≥50 years is increasing in Zhejiang Province. Many of them live in rural areas. Commercial sexual contact is the main route of HIV transmission among males and further lead to HIV transmission within couples.

Urgent recommendation and practice of prevention and control of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in intensive care units in West China Hospital of Sichuan University during the epidemics / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To provide recommendations for the management of intensive care unit patients without novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods    We set up a focus group urgently and identified five key clinical issues through discussion. Total 23 databases or websites including PubMed, National Guideline Clearing-House, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and so on were searched from construction of the library until February 28, 2020. After group discussion and collecting information, we used GRADE system to classify the evidence and give recommendations. Then we apply the recommendations to manage pediatric intensive care unit in the department of  critical care medicine in our hospital. Results    We searched 13 321 articles and finally identified 21 liteteratures. We discussed twice, and five recommendations were proposed: (1) Patients should wear medical surgical masks; (2) Family members are not allowed to visit the ward and video visitation are used; (3) It doesn’t need to increase the frequency of environmental disinfection; (4) We should provide proper health education about the disease to non-medical staff (workers, cleaners); (5) Medical staff do not need wear protective clothing. We used these recommendations in intensive care unit management for 35 days and there was no novel coronavirus infection in patients, medical staff or non-medical staff. Conclusion    The use of evidence-based medicine for emergency recommendation is helpful for the scientific and efficient management of wards, and is also suitable for the management of general intensive care units in emergent public health events.

Comprehensive transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing identifies critical genes for lipopolysaccharide-induced epididymitis in a rat model / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Epididymitis is a commonly diagnosed disease associated with male infertility. However, little is known about the molecules that are involved in its development. This study was to identify critical genes associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced epididymitis and analyze the molecular mechanism of epididymitis through RNA sequencing. Experimental epididymitis models were generated by administering male Sprague-Dawley rats' lipopolysaccharide. A total of 1378 differentially expressed genes, including 531 upregulated and 847 downregulated genes, were identified in the epididymitis model rats compared with those in sham-operated rats by RNA sequencing. Functional enrichment analyses suggested that the upregulated genes were markedly enriched in inflammation-related biological processes, as well as in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, complement and coagulation cascades, and in the chemokine signaling pathway. Four downregulated genes (collagen type XXVIII alpha 1 chain [Col28α1], cyclin-dependent kinase-like 1 [Cdkl1], phosphoserine phosphatase [Psph], and fatty acid desaturase 2 [Fads2]) and ten upregulated genes (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta [Cebpβ], C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 [Cxcr2], interleukin 11 [Il11], C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 [Ccl20], nuclear factor-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [Nfkbiα], claudin 4 [Cldn4], matrix metallopeptidase 9 [Mmp9], heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 [Hspa8], intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 [Icam1], and Jun) were successfully confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot demonstrated that CDKL1 was decreased, while MMP9 and NFKBIA were increased in the experimental model group compared with those in the sham-operated group. Our study sheds new light on the understanding of the early response of the epididymis during bacterial epididymitis.

Effect of differentiation of cardiac stem cells mediated by pilose antler polypeptides on expressions of terminal myocardial differentiation genes ANP and MLC-2v / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To explore the effect of differentiation of cardiac stem cells(CSC)mediated by pilose antler polypeptides on the expressions of terminal myocardial differentiation genes atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP)and myosin light chain 2v(MLC-2v),and to clarify the mechanism of repairing the damaged myocardium.Methods:The healthy male Wistar rats born 2 d were selected to extract the CSC.The surface marker c-Kit and the purity of CSC were identified by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.The culture dish was used as the experimental unit and the extracted cells were divided into the following four groups:blank control group(the same amount of buffer was added for induction),5-azacytidine group(induced with 3 μmol·L-15-azacytidine),pilose antler polypeptides group(induced with 800 mg·L-1pilose antler polypeptides)and combined group(induced with 800 mg·L-1pilose antler polypeptides and 3 μmol·L-15-azacytidine);the cells were incubated for 48 h in the condition of 37℃ and 5% CO2.The expression levels of ANP and MLC-2v in supernatant of the cells in various groups were detected by ELISA method.The expression levels of ANP and MLC-2v mRNA in the cells in various groups were detected by RT-PCR method.Results:CSC were prepared with the purity>95%.The results of ELISA showed that the expression levels of ANP and MLC-2v in 5-azacytidine,pilose antler polypeptides and combined groups were significantly increased compared with blank control group(P<0.05).The expression levels of ANP and MLC-2v in combined group were increased compared 5-azacytidine and pilose antler polypeptides groups,but there were no significant differences(P>0.05).The result of RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of ANP and MLC-2v mRNA in 5-azacytidine,pilose antler polypeptides and combined groups were significantly increased compared with blank control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Pilose antler polypeptides can induce the differentiation of CSC into cardiac cells by promoting the expressions of ANP and MLC-2v,and they can reduce the cytotoxicity induced by 5-azacytidine in some degrees.

Research progress in mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Spermatogenesis originates from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs can continually renew and eventually differentiate into spermatozoa under control of various growth factors, microenvironments and self-signaling. The molecules involved in SSCs self-renewal include glial cell-derived nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and downstream signaling pathways, as well as the transcription factors and the epigenetic regulators. Molecules related to SSCs differentiation include retinoic acid, a variety of transcription factors and the eptigenetic regulatory factors. The research on the mechanism of SSCs self-renewal and differentiation is of great significance for the understanding of spermatogenesis and the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. This review summarized the exogenous factors, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators that are involved in the regulation of SSCs self-renewal and differentiation in recent years.

Research progress in mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Spermatogenesis originates from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs).SSCs can continually renew and eventually differentiate into spermatozoa under control of various growth factors,microenvironments and self-signaling.The molecules involved in SSCs self-renewal include glial cell-derived nerve growth factor,fibroblast growth factor and downstream signaling pathways,as well as the transcription factors and the epigenetic regulators.Molecules related to SSCs differentiation include retinoic acid,a variety of transcription factors and the eptigenetic regulatory factors.The research on the mechanism of SSCs self-renewal and differentiation is of great significance for the understanding of spermatogenesis and the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.This review summarized the exogenous factors,transcription factors,and epigenetic regulators that are involved in the regulation of SSCs self-renewal and differentiation in recent years.

Evaluation of estimation of prevalence ratio using bayesian log-binomial regression model / 中华流行病学杂志

To evaluate the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR) by using bayesian log-binomial regression model and its application,we estimated the PR of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea in their infants by using bayesian log-binomial regression model in Openbugs software.The results showed that caregivers' recognition of infant's risk signs of diarrhea was associated significantly with a 13％ increase of medical care-seeking.Meanwhile,we compared the differences in PR's point estimation and its interval estimation of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea and convergence of three models (model 1:not adjusting for the covariates;model 2:adjusting for duration of caregivers' education,model 3:adjusting for distance between village and township and child month-age based on model 2) between bayesian log-binomial regression model and conventional log-binomial regression model.The results showed that all three bayesian log-binomial regression models were convergence and the estimated PRs were 1.130(95％CI:1.005-1.265),1.128(95％CI:1.001-1.264)and 1.132(95％CI:1.004-1.267),respectively.Conventional log-binomial regression model 1 and model 2 were convergence and their PRs were 1.130(95％ CI:1.055-1.206) and 1.126(95％ CI:1.051-1.203),respectively,but the model 3 was misconvergence,so COPY method was used to estimate PR,which was 1.125 (95％CI:1.051-1.200).In addition,the point estimation and interval estimation of PRs from three bayesian log-binomial regression models differed slightly from those of PRs from conventional log-binomial regression model,but they had a good consistency in estimating PR.Therefore,bayesian log-binomial regression model can effectively estimate PR with less misconvergence and have more advantages in application compared with conventional log-binomial regression model.

Evaluation of estimation of prevalence ratio using bayesian log-binomial regression model / 中华流行病学杂志

To evaluate the estimation of prevalence ratio (PR) by using bayesian log-binomial regression model and its application,we estimated the PR of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea in their infants by using bayesian log-binomial regression model in Openbugs software.The results showed that caregivers' recognition of infant's risk signs of diarrhea was associated significantly with a 13％ increase of medical care-seeking.Meanwhile,we compared the differences in PR's point estimation and its interval estimation of medical care-seeking prevalence to caregivers' recognition of risk signs of diarrhea and convergence of three models (model 1:not adjusting for the covariates;model 2:adjusting for duration of caregivers' education,model 3:adjusting for distance between village and township and child month-age based on model 2) between bayesian log-binomial regression model and conventional log-binomial regression model.The results showed that all three bayesian log-binomial regression models were convergence and the estimated PRs were 1.130(95％CI:1.005-1.265),1.128(95％CI:1.001-1.264)and 1.132(95％CI:1.004-1.267),respectively.Conventional log-binomial regression model 1 and model 2 were convergence and their PRs were 1.130(95％ CI:1.055-1.206) and 1.126(95％ CI:1.051-1.203),respectively,but the model 3 was misconvergence,so COPY method was used to estimate PR,which was 1.125 (95％CI:1.051-1.200).In addition,the point estimation and interval estimation of PRs from three bayesian log-binomial regression models differed slightly from those of PRs from conventional log-binomial regression model,but they had a good consistency in estimating PR.Therefore,bayesian log-binomial regression model can effectively estimate PR with less misconvergence and have more advantages in application compared with conventional log-binomial regression model.

Morphological Features of Complex Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies in Fetuses: as Evaluated by Cast Models / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Accurate prenatal diagnosis of complex congenital cardiovascular anomalies,vascular ones in particular,is still challenging.A fetal cardiovascular cast model can provide a copy of the cardiac chambers and great vessels with normal or pathological structures.This study was aimed to demonstrate three-dimensional anatomy of complex congenital cardiovascular anomalies in fetuses by means of corrosion casting.Twenty fetuses with prenatal-ultrasound-diagnosed complex cardiovascular anomalies were enrolled in this study (19 to 35 gestational weeks).Fetal cardiovascular cast models were made by a corrosion casting technique.The specimens were injected with casting material via the umbilical vein,and then immersed in strong acid after casting fluid was solidified,to disclose the geometries of cardiovascular cavities.Nineteen cast models were successfully made from 20 specimens.The casts distinctly showed the morphological malformations and spatial relationship between cardiac chambers and great vessels.One hundred and eleven abnormalities were revealed by casting in the 19 specimens,including 34 abnormalities located in the cardiac chambers (3,4 and 27 anomalies in the atria,atrioventricular valves and ventricles,respectively),and 77 in the great vessels (28,20,24 and 5 anomalies in the aorta and its branches,the pulmonary artery,the ductus arteriosus and the major veins,respectively).Corrosion casting can display three-dimensional anatomy of fetal complex cardiovascular anomalies.This improves our understanding of related pathomorphology and prenatal diagnosis.