Classification of dental caries pattern in 12-year-old Korean adolescents by multivariate analysis / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of dental caries in 12-year-old Korean adolescents through multivariate analysis. @*Methods@#This study used raw data from the 2015 Korea Children’s Oral Health Survey. The study participants were 12-year-old adolescents. A total of 27,291 people participated in the questionnaire and oral test. The statistical analysis methods used were multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and factor analysis. @*Results@#The result was derived after analyzing the dental caries pattern of teeth and tooth surface by multi-dimensional scaling method, cluster analysis method, and factor analysis. Morphologically homologous teeth were gathered to form clusters. Caries occurrence showed a more similar caries experience pattern when the types of tooth surfaces, such as occlusal and occlusal surfaces, were the same than when they were different. @*Conclusions@#Epidemiological data on the pattern of dental caries in 12-year-old adolescents can be used as basic data to create evidence-based dental caries management plans.

The application of the health belief model in oral health-related dietary behavior / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral health beliefs and oral health-related dietary behavior. @*Methods@#The participants of this cross-sectional study were 728 middle school students living in Jeonju who were selected through convenience sampling. For the survey, self-administered questionnaires were completed in individual settings. The analysis model was the oral health belief model, and the analysis method was path analysis. @*Results@#Among oral health beliefs, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy were found to be correlated with the oral health-related dietary behavior index. Multiple regression analysis showed that factors affecting the oral health-related dietary behavior index were gender (female), perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy. Path analysis showed that variables that significantly impact the oral health-related dietary behavior index are perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and likelihood of action. The factor with the greatest impact was perceived barrier; the lower the barrier, the higher the level of dietary behavior undertaken to prevent dental caries. @*Conclusions@#Oral health beliefs are related to oral health-related dietary behavior. Since perceived barriers had the greatest correlation with oral health-related dietary behavior, measures must be taken to help remove the barriers.

Effect of oral health-related self efficacy and social support on oral health-related quality of life among adolescents / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#This study aimed to examine the effects of oral health-related self efficacy and social support on oral health-related quality of life, and analyze the related factors. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was carried out on 979 high school students living in Iksan. Data were collected from January 15 to 30, 2014. Individual self-administered surveys were conducted through the sampling method. The contents of the survey were the characteristics of the subjects, oral health-related self efficacy (OHSE), social support related to oral health (OHSS), and quality of life related to oral health (QHRQoL). A survey tool designed by the author was used to measure OHSE and OHSS. QHRQoL used Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Short Form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) for examination. The statistical analysis methods used were mean difference, correlation, and multiple regression analyses. @*Results@#QHRQol was correlated with OHSE, but not OHSS. Per the multivariate analysis, factors that affected QHRQoL were gender, mother’s education level, academic stress, and OHSE; OHSS did not have any effect. @*Conclusions@#It was found that OHSE influenced QHRQoL. Therefore, it is necessary to develop education programs that can enhance OHSE.

Association between oral health status and school loss in adolescents / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#This study aimed to investigate the association between school loss due to dental disease and oral health status in adolescents. @*Methods@#The study participants were 881 adolescents (453 middle and 428 high school students).Data were collected through a self-administered survey and oral examination. Chi-square test and t-test were used to analyze the association between school loss due to dental disease and oral health status, and multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing school loss. @*Results@#Dental caries was the leading cause of school loss. School loss due to dental disease was more prevalent in the group with a higher number of carious teeth than in the group without dental caries. According to bivariate analysis, school loss due to dental disease was associated with toothache, gingival bleeding, maxillofacial trauma, and caries. When controlling demographic variables, gingival bleeding, maxillofacial trauma, and dental caries were associated with school absence.Moreover, maxillofacial trauma was associated with school absence period up to 1 year. @*Conclusions@#Therefore, oral health status and school loss of adolescents are associated, and the importance of oral health in adolescents should be emphasized.

Dental caries incidence in permanent teeth of 12-year-old children in Korea / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#The objective of this study was to analyze dental caries incidence in the permanent teeth of 12-year-old children. @*Methods@#This study used the raw data from the 2015 Korean children’s oral health survey. Participants of the research were 12-year-old children in their first year of middle school. A total of 27,291 people participated in the questionnaire and oral examination. Statistical analysis was performed using complex samples frequency analysis and contingency coefficient phi (φ). @*Results@#Dental caries predominately developed symmetrically with a higher tendency for left-right symmetry than for maxillary-mandibular symmetry in the mouth. The incidence of dental caries between adjacent teeth had a statistically significant correlation and was highest in the first and second premolars. @*Conclusions@#Information on symmetry in the development of dental caries and the association of dental caries incidence between adjacent teeth of 12-year-old children should be actively utilized when establishing evidence-based dental caries management plans.

Oral health literacy and related socioeconomic factors in mothers / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#This study aimed to examine oral health literacy (OHL) in mothers and the factors that influence it. @*Methods@#A total of 431 mothers of preschool children were chosen as study participants using the convenience sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was used in this study. The survey contents included the socioeconomic characteristics of the participants as well as their level of oral health literacy. @*Results@#In total, 44.8 percent of the participants had a low level of verbal oral health literacy (0-6 grade), and 16.9 percent had a low functional oral health literacy (≤6). Educational level and family income were significantly associated with the participants’ oral health literacy (Pearson correlation). Verbal oral health literacy of the participants was related to their family’s income, whereas their functional oral health literacy was related to their educational level. @*Conclusions@#Many of the participants had a low level of oral health literacy. For mothers, to improve their oral health literacy, an oral health literacy program must be in place. Oral health literacy programs should be targeted toward mothers with low socioeconomic status.

Oral health literacy and related socioeconomic factors in mothers / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#This study aimed to examine oral health literacy (OHL) in mothers and the factors that influence it. @*Methods@#A total of 431 mothers of preschool children were chosen as study participants using the convenience sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was used in this study. The survey contents included the socioeconomic characteristics of the participants as well as their level of oral health literacy. @*Results@#In total, 44.8 percent of the participants had a low level of verbal oral health literacy (0-6 grade), and 16.9 percent had a low functional oral health literacy (≤6). Educational level and family income were significantly associated with the participants’ oral health literacy (Pearson correlation). Verbal oral health literacy of the participants was related to their family’s income, whereas their functional oral health literacy was related to their educational level. @*Conclusions@#Many of the participants had a low level of oral health literacy. For mothers, to improve their oral health literacy, an oral health literacy program must be in place. Oral health literacy programs should be targeted toward mothers with low socioeconomic status.

Dental neglect and related factors in mothers / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of dental neglect in mothers and their children and to analyze the factors that were associated with it. METHODS: The subjects included in this study were 431 mothers with preschool children. The participants were given a self-report questionnaire for the study. The survey collected data on sociodemographic characteristics and dental neglect. For dental neglect, the Adelaide dental neglect scale was used for measurement. RESULTS: The percentage of mothers with a high level (≥15 points) of dental neglect was 52.7%. In terms of dental neglect in mothers and their children, 37.1% showed feeding of snacks before and after meals, followed by postponement of dental treatment for mothers at 22.8%, and dental treatment postponed due to children 21.7%. The demographic factors affecting the mother's dental neglect were found to be age of the mother, whether the mother was employed or not, and household income. The lower was the age of the mother, the higher was the level of dental neglect. In addition, when mothers had jobs, dental neglect was high, and the lower was the household income, the higher was the level of dental neglect. CONCLUSIONS: The level of dental neglect for mothers and their children was found to be high. Thus, this should be considered in the design of national oral health promotion strategies for children. In addition, the importance of dental neglect should be emphasized.

School loss days due to dental diseases among adolescents / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the lost school days due to dental diseases among adolescents and to assess their oral health in relation to their socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS: A total of 881 adolescents (middle school: 453, high school: 428) were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of questions relating to the subject's socio-demographic characteristics and lost school days due to dental diseases. The lost school days due to dental diseases included absence and early leave. The differences in the lost school days by socio-demographic characteristics were analyzed by chi-square test and t-test. RESULTS: In the past year, 2% of adolescents were absent from school (approximately 2 days of absence), 7.6% left school early (about 3 days of early leave), and 8.3% were absent from school or left school early (about 4 days of absence and early leave) because of dental diseases. The most common reason for absence from school was dental caries (31.8%), followed by malocclusion (9.3%), periodontal disease (7%), and maxillofacial trauma (2.3%). Dental caries was the most common reason (18%) for early leave, followed by malocclusion (8.8%), maxillofacial trauma (2.6%), and periodontal disease (1.8%). Absence from school was higher when the educational background of the respondent's father was middle-school graduate or lower (5.6%: middle-school graduates or lower, 1.6%: high-school graduates, 1.8%: college graduates or higher). High school students with dental diseases (11.7%) were absent or went on early leave to a greater extent than middle school students (5.1%). CONCLUSIONS: To reduce lost school days due to dental diseases among adolescents, different strategies are required including prevention and early treatment of dental caries and avoidance of maxillofacial trauma.

Relationship between work loss due to oral diseases and self-perceived oral health status among workers / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the work loss caused by oral diseases of workers and their subjective self-perceived oral health status. The study focused on the relationship between work loss due to oral diseases and self-perceived oral health status. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. The sample consisted of 550 workers who resided in Ansan City and Gwacheon City. The data were collected from a self-reported questionnaire survey. RESULTS: The percentage of workers that were absent from the workplace due to oral diseases in the past year was 4.8%, and the average of days of absence from the workplace per worker was 0.1 day. Most of the workers (41.1%) answered “average” for the self-perceived oral health status. However, there were more workers that answered “not healthy” than workers that answered “healthy” for the self-perceived oral health status. The percentage of workers that felt the need for dental treatment because of the presence of oral diseases was 59.5%. There was a statistically significant relationship between the work loss due to oral diseases and the subjective self-perceived oral health status. CONCLUSIONS: Work loss due to oral diseases and subjective self-perceived oral health status should be periodically assessed for use as basic data for the development of oral health-promotion policies for workers.

A comparative study of the utility of oral health indicators in adults / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the value and utility of certain oral health indicators in adults. METHODS: The data used for analysis was obtained from the 6(th) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014). The study subjects were 7,729 adults aged between 20 and 64 years. The oral health indicators used for the analysis were T-Health (tissue health index), FS-T (functioning teeth index), and DHC of 1st molar (dental health capacity of the first molars). Descriptive statistical indices for oral health indicators were obtained (mean, skewness and kurtosis, and coefficient of variation). The correlation among oral health indicators, DMF, and sound tooth structure was analyzed. RESULTS: The oral health indicator scores had an abnormal distribution. DHC of 1st molar is found to be the most reliable indicator because it most accurately reflects the oral health decline that occurs as a result of aging. In all ages, DHC of 1st molar marked the lowest value in skewness and kurtosis. However, the skewness and kurtosis values of T-Health in adults younger than 44 years old were found to be the lowest among all age groups. FS-T is believed to most accurately reflect oral health status as it has a high correlation with sound tooth structure and sound tooth surfaces. T-Health is evaluated to most accurately reflect oral disease indicators as it appears to have a high correlation with DMF and high caries risk. CONCLUSIONS: The oral health indicators T-Health, DHC of 1st molar, and FS-T have distinct characteristics that can serve as different health indices. Therefore, they can each be utilized in various fields of oral epidemiology.

Perception and attitude on oral health related nutrition policies of elementary school nutritionists and school nurses / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to identify the perception and attitude of school nutritionists and school nurses at elementary schools for oral health related nutrition policies. METHODS: The subjects for this study included 1,051 elementary school nutritionists, nutrition teachers and school nurses in the Seoul, Gyeonggi and Jeolla provinces. self-administered surveys were conducted for the subjects of the study selected using the convenience sampling method. RESULTS: Sugar content labeling policies showed the highest approval rate among the oral health related nutrition policies, while policies for taxing sugary foods were the lowest. Overall, the highest acceptance rate was “traffic light labeling policies for food that causes dental caries” followed by “sugar content labeling policies.” Factors that had impact on oral health related nutrition policies included age, workplace, work experience, employment type and work category. The subjects agreed with most of the oral health nutrition policies. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition policies to improve oral health were required and a legal system that can support this is necessary.

Challenges of a New Era / 대한구강보건학회지

No abstract available.

Cross-sectional study of the association of vitamins C and D with periodontal status / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between vitamin C, vitamin D, and periodontal diseases in adults. METHODS: The data used for analysis were obtained from the sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014). Subjects were 2,702 adults aged from 19 to 64 years. Complex Chi-square tests and complex logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between vitamins and periodontal status. RESULTS: There is no statistically significant association between vitamin C intake and periodontal status. Periodontal status of subjects with a low vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) level was better than that of the subjects with a high level (P<0.05). However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that this association is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: More follow-up studies are necessary to determine the association of the vitamins C and D with the periodontal diseases.

Pattern of dental caries in Korean adolescents with a high risk of caries / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of dental caries in a high-risk group of Korean adolescents. METHODS: Raw data on 10,542 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 15 years from the 2012 Korean National Oral Health Survey was used. The subjects were divided into a high caries risk group and non-high caries risk group for analysis. For the statistical analyses, we utilized a frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, and a multidimensional scaling analysis. RESULTS: The pattern of dental caries in the high caries risk group were divided into six classifications for 12-year-olds and five for 15-year-olds, including the mandibular first molar occlusal surface (Cluster 1). In the high caries risk group, the frequency of Cluster 1 was approximately 4-times higher in 12-year-olds than that in the non-high caries risk group of Cluster 1, and about 3-times higher in 15-year-olds. The multidimensional scaling analysis found that in the high caries risk group, the same types of tooth surfaces formed separate groups. The prevalent dental caries pattern of 12-year-olds in the high caries risk group was left-right symmetry, while in the 15-year-olds of the high caries risk group, the caries pattern also included the antagonistic teeth, along with left-right symmetry. However, the non-high caries risk group had a pattern of left-right symmetry only in the 15-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: When dental caries occur in the first molar, there is a high possibility of being classified into the high caries risk group. Therefore, preventative measures should focus on the antagonistic teeth and the teeth on the opposite side.

Caries prediction using the caries activity test with a sulfisomidine mixture: a 3-year follow-up study / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prediction validity of the caries activity test with a sulfisomidine mixture (SAHS test). METHODS: This longitudinal follow-up study was conducted for 3 years. The subjects were 155 elementary schoolchildren. Oral examination was performed by examining each tooth surface of the subjects. The number of teeth with new caries lesions was calculated by comparing between the baseline data of the initial oral examination and the results of the second oral examination performed after 3 years. The Dentocult SM test was used as the reference in the analysis of the caries prediction validity of the SAHS test. The items of the validity test for carries prediction were as follows: sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and likelihood ratio. RESULTS: The correlation between new caries lesions and the SAHS test scores was greater than that between new caries lesions and the Dentocult SM test scores. The receiver-operating analysis revealed that the area under the curve of the SAHS test was higher than that of the Dentocult SM test. The caries prediction validity of the SAHS test (grade 12) was as follows: sensitivity, 0.71-0.70; specificity, 0.60-0.58; positive predictive value, 0.79-0.78; negative predictive value, 0.49 (screening criterion 5). The SAHS test scores were similar to or higher than the scores in the items of the Dentocult SM test. CONCLUSIONS: The SAHS test is considered useful for clinical applications.

First aid knowledge and educational needs related to maxillofacial trauma among elementary school teachers in Jeollabuk-do / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge of elementary school teachers regarding first aid for maxillofacial trauma and the need for education on this topic in an effort to provide information for the development of teacher education programs. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 320 elementary school teachers who visited the Education and Training Center of Jeollabukdo to take training courses answered a self-administered survey. RESULTS: We found that 38.8 percent of the elementary school teachers had witnessed the occurrence of maxillofacial trauma in students. While 53.4 percent of the teachers replied that they did not have adequate knowledge of first aid for maxillofacial trauma, only 10.7 percent reported receiving this education while they served as teachers or when they were studying to be teachers at college. The teachers who had received instruction for dealing with maxillofacial trauma as teachers or as college students were 3.6-fold more likely to report that they would provide first aid for maxillofacial trauma compared with those who had not received such training. Many teachers had incorrect knowledge about how to cope with this type of trauma, indicating the need for providing correct information to this population. Finally, 99.1 percent of the elementary school teachers considered receiving education about first aid for maxillofacial trauma necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The development of teacher education programs is required to help elementary school teachers offer appropriate first aid when maxillofacial trauma occurs.

Dental caries experience pattern in permanent dentition among Korean adolescents / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to understand the dental caries pattern in permanent dentition among Korean adolescents aged 12-16 years. METHODS: This study comprised 5,301 teenagers, aged 12-16 years. We analyzed the dental caries pattern in patients with permanent dentition using data from the 2006 Korean National Oral Health Survey. The methods used for data analysis included frequency analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling (MDS). RESULTS: With cluster analysis, it was difficult to clearly distinguish between anterior and posterior caries, and categorization was difficult owing to the mandibular first premolar and maxillary lateral incisor. The molars had severe caries, and results of the cluster analysis categorized this as clusters independent from other teeth; therefore, efforts must be made to prevent dental caries in molars. The maxillary premolars had the highest incidence of caries followed by the molars, and accordingly, these formed independent clusters, with the exception of the molar. During the eruption stage, despite the secondary premolar erupting later than the first premolar, there was a higher caries incidence in the secondary premolar. Out of the anterior teeth, the maxillary later incisor had the highest incidence of caries and formed an independent cluster. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) results clearly showed the molar teeth cluster. CONCLUSIONS: For epidemiological research on dental caries, a caries pattern analysis should be conducted, and information on the caries pattern in permanent dentition can be used for the prevention and management of dental caries.

Activity restriction caused by maxillofacial trauma in adolescents / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to (1) survey cases of maxillofacial trauma in adolescents and (2) analyze the relationship between maxillofacial trauma and activity restriction. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 881 participants selected using the convenience sampling method in the Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do regions. Individual self-reporting questionnaire surveys were performed. RESULTS: It was found that 17.2% of adolescents experienced maxillofacial traumas, and 45.3% of them reported activity restrictions caused by the the traumas. The occurrence ratio of maxillofacial trauma was higher in male students (20.6%) than in female students (14.0%). Among the activity restrictions caused by maxillofacial traumas, chewing disturbance was the most frequent activity restriction type, showing an incidence of 54.6%, and taste disturbance was the least frequent, showing an incidence of 9.3%. All the activity restrictions in adolescents were found to have relationships with maxillofacial trauma occurring within the recent one year. Among the activity restrictions, chewing disturbance was most closely related with the trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Since maxillofacial traumas cause activity restrictions in adolescents, it is necessary to prepare policies for the prevention of maxillofacial trauma. Furthermore, it is necessary to intensify the education regarding treatment methods for maxillofacial trauma.

Patterns of dental caries experience on tooth surface in Korean adolescents / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of dental caries experience on the tooth surface of Korean adolescents of the ages of 12 and 15 years. METHODS: The raw data from the 2012 Korean National Oral Health Survey were reviewed, and the records of a total of 10,542 adolescents were analyzed in this study. The surfaces of the 28 permanent teeth were categorized into the occlusal, smooth, and proximal surface types. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, and cluster analysis were performed to analyze the data. RESULTS: The analysis of the relationship of the dental caries experience on the tooth surfaces between the oral quadrants revealed that the correlation between the surface relationship of the left and right teeth was higher than that between the upper and lower teeth, in all of the quadrants. As a result of multidimensional scling analysis, the adolescents aged 12 were classified into six clusters: occlusal surface of mandibular first molars, occlusal surface of maxillary first molars, smooth surface of maxillary first molars, smooth surface of mandibular first molars, occlusal surface of mandibular second molars and the rest of tooth surface. Similarly, the dental surfaces of the 15-year-old adolescents were classified into seven clusters: occlusal surface of the mandibular first molars, occlusal surface of the maxillary first molars, smooth surface of the first molars, occlusal surface of the mandibular second molars, occlusal surface of the maxillary second molars, smooth surface of the mandibular second molars, and the surfaces of the. The patterns of caries experience are usually clustered on the same types of tooth surfaces; for example, patterns on an occlusal surface clustered with those on another occlusal surface, or patterns on a smooth surface with those on another smooth surface. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about the caries patterns on the tooth surfaces might be useful for the prevention and management of dental caries.