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Objective:To investigate the protective effect of endurance training on Parkinson disease(PD) mice and the effect of AMPK/mTOR pathway on autophagy and exosomes secretion.Methods:Thirty-two 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into quiet group, exercise group, PD quiet group and PD exercise group, with 8 mice in each group.The mice in exercise group and PD exercise group received 4-week treadmill endurance training.After training, mice in PD quiet group and PD exercise group were given rotenone (30 mg·kg -1·d -1) dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose salt solution and gavaged for 56 consecutive days.The mice in quiet group and exercise group were given 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose salt solution by gavage.Then, the mice in exercise group and PD exercise group received treadmill endurance training for 4 weeks.The behaviors of mice in each group were measured after training.The content of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in substantia nigra of mice in each group was measured by immunohistochemistry.Western blot was used to detect the expression of plasma α-synuclein(α-syn), exosomes surface marker proteins CD9 and CD63, and the content of microtubule associated protein light chain 3-Ⅱ (LC3-Ⅱ), α-syn, adenine ribonucleotide dependent protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in substantia nigra of mice in each group.SPSS 20.0 software was used to analyze the data.One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among multiple groups and the LSD method was used for further pairwise comparison. Results:There was significant difference in the residence time of mice in the four groups on the rotarod instrument ( F=2 618.20, P<0.01). Compared with the quiet group, the residence time of PD quiet group decreased ((110.34±8.20) s, (186.20±6.83) s, P<0.01). Compared with the PD quiet group, the residence time of PD exercise group increased ((160.56±8.30)s, P<0.01). (2) There was no significant difference in the expression of plasma exosome marker proteins CD9 and CD63 among the four groups ( F=1.57, 1.26, both P>0.05). (3) There was significant difference in the expression of α-syn in plasma exosomes of the four groups ( F=1 303.99, P<0.01). The expression of α-syn in plasma exosomes in PD quiet group was higher than that of quiet group ((180.57±8.20), (100.00±0.00), P<0.01). Compared with the PD quiet group, the expression of α-syn in plasma exosomes in PD exercise group decreased ((150.23±7.30), P<0.01). (4) There was significant difference in the number of TH positive neurons in substantia nigra among the four groups ( F=447.09, P<0.01). Compared with the quiet group, the number of TH positive neurons in the substantia nigra of PD quiet group decreased ((48.23±6.30), (100.00±0.00), P<0.01). Compared with the PD quiet group, the number of TH positive neurons in the substantia nigra of PD exercise group increased ((68.62±8.20), P<0.01). (5) Western blot showed that there were significant differences in the expression of α-syn, p-mTOR, p-AMPK and LC3-Ⅱ in substantia nigra of the four groups ( F=753.62, 361.48, 261.95, 248.07, all P<0.01). Compared with the quiet group, the expression of α-syn in substantia nigra of PD quiet group increased ((184.16±15.31), (100.00±0.00), P<0.01), the expression of p-mTOR in substantia nigra increased ((156.77±3.99), (100.00±0.00), P<0.01), the expression of p-AMPK decreased ((70.65±8.43), (100.00±0.00), P<0.01), and the expression of LC3-Ⅱ in substantia nigra decreased ((72.25±7.86), (100.00±0.00), P<0.01). Compared with PD quiet group, the expression of α-syn in substantia nigra decreased ((158.23±9.30), P<0.01), the expression of p-mTOR in substantia nigra decreased ((123.61±16.86), P<0.01), the expression of p-AMPK increased ((96.35±9.45), P<0.01), and the expression of LC3-Ⅱ in substantia nigra increased ((108.89±10.67), P<0.01). Conclusion:Endurance training regulates autophagy and the expression of exosomes in PD mice through AMPK/mTOR signal pathway, protects dopaminergic neurons in mouse midbrain and improves motor function.
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A single infusion of ketamine has sustained antidepressant effects and significantly de-creases the risk of suicide,and the effects can last up for 7-10 days,but the underlying mechanism is un-clear. The mechanism was reviewed underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine,and found that ket-amine may exert its antidepressant effect by regulating sleep/wake cycle,synaptic pruning,molecular path-ways,and neural circuits for treatment-refractory depression. Further studies are needed to investigate the ge-netic,molecular mechanisms underlying the sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine,and the associated imaging findings through in vivo imaging of animals and imaging genetics techniques,explore the optimal time for administration of ketamine,and then provide accurate scientific basis for enhancing its anti-depressant effect.
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Objective To investigate the role of endothelial progenitor cells ( EPCs ) transplantation in rats with sepsis induced by endotoxin ( lipopolysaccharides, LPS ). Methods Sixty clean grade Sprague-Dawley ( SD ) rats with genetic background were divided into three groups according to random number table method:control group, model group, and EPCs transplantation group, with 20 rats in each group. The sepsis model was reproduced by intravenous delivery of LPS 5 mg/kg. Rats in control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. EPCs were isolated, and cultured and identified were fluorescently labeled with the green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) adenoviral transfection method. The EPC transplantation group was injected with LPS, then a fluorescently labeled EPCs suspension was injected via the tail vein 1 hour later. The expression of fluorescent markers of EPCs was detected with both small animal in vivo imaging instrument and frozen section. Seven days after transplantation, abdominal aorta blood was collected to determine interleukins ( IL-6 and IL-10 ) in peripheral blood with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ), and the lung, liver, and kidney tissues were harvested, the wet/dry ratio of the lung ( W/D ) was calculated, and hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) staining was performed to observe, the change in histopathology. Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) mRNA expression in lung, liver, and kidney tissues was determined with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR ). Results The positive rate of EPCs cells with double marking of CD133 and CD34 was 99.0% at the 5th generation of subculture by using flow cytometry. After the transplantation of EPCs labeled with the green fluorescent protein, the appearance of fluorescence indicated that EPCs were mainly localized in the chest, and a stronger fluorescence was observed near the blood vessels. EPCs transplantation could significantly reduce the inflammatory cell infiltration and cell damage in lung, liver, and kidney tissue in septic rats. Compared with control group, the expression of IL-6 and IL-10 in the peripheral blood, W/D ratio, and TLR4 mRNA in lung, liver, and kidney were increased significantly in the model group. Compared with model group, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-10 in the peripheral blood were significantly reduced after EPCs transplantation [ IL-6 (μg/L ):2.127±0.118 vs. 2.664±0.438, IL-10 ( ng/L ): 24.5±3.9 vs. 31.5±3.8, both P < 0.01 ]. EPCs transplantation reduced the W/D ratio of lung, liver and kidney tissues ( lung: 4.68±0.24 vs. 5.48±0.15, liver: 3.33±0.11 vs. 3.94±0.09, kidney: 4.08±0.20 vs. 4.84±0.21, all P < 0.05 ], and down-regulated the expression of TLR4 mRNA ( ×103, lung: 782±131 vs. 1 136±126, liver: 39.1±14.0 vs. 69.2±8.7, kidney: 52.2±15.2 vs. 83.5±17.1, all P < 0.01 ). Conclusions EPCs can enter the lung, liver and kidney tissues of the rat successfully after transplantation of EPCs via vein. EPCs transplantation can down-regulate pro-inflammatory process, help to recover the balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory processes, alleviate the damage to the lung, liver, and kidney tissue significantly.
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Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese Version of Communication and Sharing of Information Scale(CSI) in the the assessment of the efficacy and quality of collaboration of the physician and nursing related staffs.Methods All the sample enrolled from 10 hospitals of Tianjin,all the subjects voluntarily signed the informed consent.Totally 600 subjects were tested by CSI.Exploration and confirmation factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity.Cronbaeh' s α was applied for examining internal consistency of the scales,the correlation analysis was used to examining the test-retest reliability of the scales.Results Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed that Communication and Sharing of Information Scale included 3 factors:Communication with nursing related staff,Communication with physician,Medical information sharing.Confirmation Factor analysis revealed that x2/dfwas 5.760,NNFI 0.900,GFI 0.945,AGFI 0.923,REMEA was 0.06,all reached the correction criteria of the scale,indicated that this scale had good construction validity.Cronbach' sαof the total scale was 0.870,the Cronbach' s α of the 3 factors were 0.780,0.788,0.815 respectively,indicated this scale had good inner-consistency.The total scale test-retest reliability was 0.870 after 1 week in 100 subjects randomly enrolled from all the previous subjects,indicated this scale had good reliability.Conclusion CSI has good reliability and validity and is suitable to assess the efficacy and quality of the collaboration of the physician and nursing related staffs.
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ObjectiveTo explore the difference of the oxytocin Levels and cortisol levels between major depression patients and normal controls,and the relationship of symptoms severity of major depression with oxytocin levels and cortisol levels.MethodsTwenty 18 ～ 45years old major depression patients and twenty six normal controls were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the oxytocin levels and cortisol levels,and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-17 item was used to evaluate the symptoms severity of depression in patient group.ResultsMann-Whitney test showed there were significantly differences in oxytocin level between patients and controls ( ( 213.60 ± 164.29 ) pg/ml vs ( 112.27 ± 101.21 ) pg/ml,z =- 2.306,P =0.021 ),but there were no significantly differences in cortisol level between two groups.Within the depressive sample( (0.131± 0.089) vs (0.107 ± 0.077 ) pg/ul,z =- 0.920,P =0.358 ),the severity of depressive symptom was positive correlated to the value of oxytocin ( r=0.599,P=0.005) and cortisol( r=0.691,P=0.001 ),the value of oxytocin was also positive correlated to the value of cortisol( r =0.743,P ＜ 0.01 ),Multiple liner regression analyses showed that the value of oxytocin is an impact factor of the severity of depression.( adjusted R2 =0.358,F =11.578,P =0.003 ).ConclusionThis study indicated that the value of plasma oxytocin maybe significantly differences between depression and normal controls and the plasma oxytocin level maybe a factor which influence the severity of major depression,the relationship of the cortisol value and the severity of depression can not be confirmed.
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Objective To explore the difference of the oxytocin levels between social phobia patients and normal controls,and the relationship of symptoms severity of social phobia with the oxytocin levels and the relationship of drug effects with oxytocin levels.Methods Twenty seven 16-26 years old social phobia patients and thirty one normal controls were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the oxytocin levels,and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used to evaluate the symptoms severity of social phobia in patient group.Paroxetine was used to treat the patients with the drugs of 20mg per day,the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used to evaluate the drug effects after 4 weeks treatment.Results Mann-Whitney test showed there were significantly differences in oxytocin level between patients and controls ( (202.93 ± 145.06) pg/ml vs ( 152.29 ± 101.89 ) pg/ml,Z =- 1.307,P=0.030).Multiple liner regression analyses showed that the level of oxytocin was an impact factor of the severity of social phobia symptom (adjusted R2 =0.158,F=5.888,P=0.023 ).Logistic regression analyses showed that the level of oxytocin was an impact factor of the effective of drug treatment( OR=3.132,P =0.029 ).Conclusion This study indicate that the value of plasma oxytocin maybe significantly differences between social phobia and normal controls and the plasma oxytocin level maybe a factor which influence the symptoms severity and the effective of drug treatment in social phobia patients.
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Objective To explore effects of Naikan cognitive therapy on improving clinical symptoms in patients with convalescent schizophrenia. Methods The 69 convalescent schizophrenic patients with convalescent clinical state were consecutively recruited. All the patients were divided into Naikan cognitive therapy ( NCT) group an control group at random and were pretreated with antipsychotic agent therapy. In NCT group,the patients received NCT for successive 7 days. In control group,the patients only received antipsychotic agent therapy. Pre-and post-treatment positive and negative syndrome scale( PANSS) , Nurses'observation scale for inpatient evaluation (NOSIE) were administered to all subjects. Results ① A significant decrease occurred in PANSS total score, negative symptom score, positive symptom score, compound scale score, general psychopathology score, reaction retardation score and paranoid score in NCT group ( t = 2. 672～7. 370, P < 0. 05). In the post-treatment, PANSS total score, negative symptom score, positive symptom score, compound scale score, reaction retardation score and thought disorder score were significantly lower in NCT group than those in control group ( t ' = 2. 696, P = 0. 009; t = 5. 186, P=0.000; t = 3.757, P = 0.001; t = 2.634,P = 0.011; t ' =2.376, P = 0.021). ②A significant decrease occurred in NOSIE total negative score( 10.43 ± 9. 24 vs 13. 87 ± 8. 03, t = 3. 463 , P = 0. 002) , irritation score(3. 13 ±0.43 vs8.53 ±4.98, t = 6. 139, P=0.000) and retardation score(1.07 ± 1.64 vs 2. 20 ±2.85, t = 2.067, P = 0.048) in NCT group. Conclusion NCT can possibly improve part clinical symptoms of patients with convalescent schizophrenia to a certain extent,especially negative symptom,but need to further prove the effect of NaiKan cognitive therapy.
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Objective To explore mechanical property changes of methyl vinyl silicone rubber modified by ferric nanoparticles and its dispersed phase.Methods Mechanical properties such as Shore A hardness,tensile strength,elongation at break,tearing rate of permanent deformation and tearing strength of pre-prepared ironic nanoparticle enhanced silicone rubber and carbon-coated ferric particle reinforced silicone rubber were tested according to national standards.A thermal field emission scanning electron microscope (TFE-SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of both surface and fracture of the composite materials and to observe the dispersion of ferric nanoparticles in them.Results Mean values of Shore A hardness,tensile strength,elongation at break,tearing permanent deformation rate and tear strength of modified composites increased with the increasing amounts of ferric nanoparticles,however,when the quota of ironic nanoparticles in the composite formula were greater than 17 phr,carbon-coated ferric nanoparticles more than 19 phr,the mean values of tensile strength of two composites stopped increasing and presented the declining trend.When the quota of ferric nanoparticles in the formula exceeding 15 phr,the mean values of elongation at break and tear strength began to decrease in the formula ratio of silicone rubber/ferric nanoparticles up to 85:15,while the Shore A hardness of samples increased all the way.Ferric nanoparticles dispersed evenly on the surface of composites.Nanopowder aggregation in the fracture surface of both composites could be observed at the formula ratio of 85:15 of silicone rubber/iron nanoparticle and 87:13 of silicone rubber/carbon-coated iron specimen.Conclusion Effect of iron nanapareticles and carbon-coated ferric nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of the reinforced methyl vinyl silicone rubber depends on the nanoparticle size,additive amount and agglomeration.
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Water-fat separation is a particularly important problem for magnetic resonance imaging. Although many methods have been proposed, the reliability is still challenging. In this work, we have presented a method based on the combination of the branch-cut method and multigrid algorithm to get a more robust performance of water-fat separation. First, the branch-cut method is applied to identify residues, which violates the requirement that the interacting phase gradient around a closed path be zero. Residues and branches are marked to be zeros and filled to the weighting factor array. Then, the unwrapped phase array can be given by the multigrid algorithm. Finally, the Dixon method for water-fat separation is applied to the unwrapped phase array. Experiments for brain scanning on the 0.3T low field MRI system demonstrate the successful application of the proposed method.
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Subject To explore the features of the abnormalities of the sex chromatin and the sex chromosome of the patients with mental disorders. Methods The sex chromatin in the cells of buccal mucous membrane of the 2 784 patients with mental disorders were examined by using a blinding and random way. The chromosome karyotypes in peripheral blood were further examined in those whose measure showed abnormal. The comparison group consisted of 1 069 normal persons.Results Compaired with the control group,the average frequency of Y chromatin in the male patients [(28.0±6.6)%] and the average frequency of X chromatin in the female patients [(22.3±8.0)%] rose significantly ; the average frequency of X chromatin in the female patients of the schizophrenia subgroup and the affective disorder subgroup were higher than that of neurosis and psychogenic mental disorder subgroup. X chromatins of eight male patients were positive and the karyotypes of the abnormal X chromosome were 47,XXY in 3 cases and 47,XXY/46,XY in 5 cases, the rate of 47,XXY was 7.7 , it rose significantly to the control group. X chromatin of two female patients were negative and the karyotypes of the abnormal X chromosome was 45,X/46,XX, the rate of 45,X was 1.2 ; one female patient had double X chromatin and the karyotypes of the abnormal X chromosome was 47,XXX/46,XX,there is no abnormal sex chromatin and sex chromosome in the control group.Conclusions The higher rate of the sex chromatin might be closely associated with the tendency of heredity of mental disorders , and the rate of the lacking X chromosome in females and the increasing X chromosome in males rise in the patients with mental disorders.