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The incidence rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing year by year, with limited treatment methods, and its pathogenesis is a research hotspot at present. In order to better clarify its pathogenesis, it is urgent to develop advanced, safe, and effective in vitro or in vivo models to understand and develop treatment strategies for this disease. This article reviews the in vitro models commonly used in the preclinical study of NAFLD and discusses their advantages and disadvantages, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD.
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Physical restraint is a conventional nursing practice at home and abroad. AS the use of physical restraint in the hospital, the risk has been increasingly emerging. Many scholars have already realized the necessity of Restraint Minimization Act and the voices of reducing the using of physical restraint run high constantly. Therefore, this paper would review the status quo of the using of physical restraint, advantages and disadvantages, ethical issue, influencing factors and restraint minimization act domestic and international, so as to provide help and support for further research.
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Objective To investigate the effect of hotistic nursing intervention on negative emotion and quality of life of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Methods One hundred and twelve hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage inpatients with negative emotion disorder from 2006 June to 2008 December were randomly divided into the routine nursing group and the holistie nursing intervention group with 56 patients in each group. The routine nursing group were given the normal nursing care of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage,the holistic nursing group received psychological nursing, health education and rehabilitative intervention on the basis of normal nursing care for 4 weeks. All patients were evaluated with self rating depression scale (SDS), self rating anxiety scale (SAS) and GQOIL before and after investigation. Results There was no difference in GQOIL, SDS and SAS between the two groups before nursing intervention. After the holistie nursing intervention, the scores of SDS and SAS of the holistic nursing intervention group were significantly lower than that of the routine nursing group, the score of GQOIL was better than that of the routine nursing group. Conclusions The holistie nursing intervention obtains a better effect on managing the hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage patients with negative emotion disorder, it is effective in alleviating negative emotion and raising their quality of life.
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Objective To investigate the incidence and the risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia(HAP)in the elderly in Shanghai.Methods This was a muhicenter prospective clinical cohort study.A total of 5299 patients more than 65 years old.admitted into 31 secondary or tertiary hospitals in Shanghai,were enrolled.Measurements of the demographic and potential risk factors reflecting illness severity,nutrition,drug exposure,surgery and ventilation were performed.Pneumonia was classified by the definition of Chinese Medical Association.Risk factors were analyzed by univariate Pearson Chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression analysis with backward(Likelihood ratio).Resuits Of the enrolled patients,2805 male and 2494 female,255(4.81%)developed hospital-acquired pneumonia.The incidence was 46.75/1000 hospitalizations.Among them 38 died:and the rough mortality was 14.90%.The incidence of HAP was higher in ICU(21.43%),hematology(12.17%),chest surgery(11.41%),and respiratory medicine(7.92%)departments.The mean of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ)score was 8.3±3.4(5-31).Multivariable logistic regression analysis with backward (Wald)method found that admission into secondary hospitals.admission into ICU,history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease≥10 years,immunosuppression,administration of antibiotics,insertion of nasogastric tube,mechanical ventilation,administration of H-2 antagonists or antacid and≤7 d,central nervous system diseases,depressed level of consciousness,supine position,albumin＜35g/L were independent risk factors of HAP in the elderly.Conclusion Hospital-acquired pneumonia in the elderly was the usual type of nosocomial infections.The risk factors identified from this study may prove useful to target future clinical interventions to prevent HAP in the elderly.
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Objective： To study topographic characters of the expression of Cx43 and the proliferation activity of keratinocytes on the upper legs of rats and to explore the relationship beween them. Methods： By rutine paraffin section , immunohistochemical techniques of Cx43 and PCNA were used to study the length of the expression of Cx43 in a unit area of epidermis(LA) and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen（PCNA）positive nucleus(%). Results： Within the range of 5 mm in the horizonal direction, the expression of Cx43 in epidermis varied according to the locations of keratinocytes and Cx43 was highly expressed which was about 3.0～4.5 mm from the start point. At the same time, within the range of 10 mm in the horizonal direction, the proliferation activity of keratinocytes was different from site to site and the kerationcytes with similar proliferation activity were clustered as groups, the scale of which was about 10－3 m; One of the sites, with low proliferation activity, was about 3.0～4.0 mm from the start point. Conclusion： This study suggested that the keratinocytes with low proliferation activity had high expression of Cx43.
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Objective To study topographic characters of the proliferation activity of keratinocytes on the fore limbs of rats and to explore the relationship beween these characters and meridians. Methods By routine paraffin section,silver staining technique for NOR and immunohistochemical techniques of PCNA were used to study topographic characters of the proliferation activity of keratinocytes. Results The proliferation activity of keratinocytes on the fore limbs of rats is different according to the locations on the horizonal direction,and the keratinocytes with low proliferation activity are clustered into groups,the scale of which is about 10 -3 m.As result,3 4 ribbons of keratinocytes with low proliferation activity are formed on the vertical direction,where 3 4 meridians are supposed to be the positions of the comparative anatomy.Conclusion\ This study suggested that the keratinocytes on the meridians are characteritic of the low proliferation activity.\;[