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Objective:To investigate the effects of case-based learning combined with clinical anatomy in neurosurgery internships.Methods:We included students in grades 2014 and 2015 (test group, n=58) and those in grade 2013 (control group, n=48) doing internships in The first Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College. The test group adopted case-based learning combined with clinical anatomy in the form of neurosurgery intern learning groups. The group learning consisting of four sessions was held twice a week for a total of four times. The traditional teaching method was used in the control group. All the students filled in the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale before and after neurosurgery internships. The test group filled in the Satisfaction Survey on case-based learning combined with clinical anatomy after neurosurgery internships. SPSS 20.0 was used to perform t test. Results:Before neurosurgery internships, there was no difference in self-directed learning ability between the test group and control group ( t=0.25, P=0.807). After the internships, the total score of self-directed learning ability was significantly improved in both the test group ( t=-6.49, P<0.001) and the control group ( t=-4.68, P<0.001). The test group showed improvements in six learning factors, while the control group had no significant changes in love of learning and learning motivation. Compared with the control group, the test group showed a significantly higher total score of self-directed learning ability ( t=2.17, P=0.032) and significantly higher scores of efficient learning ( t=3.81, P=0.001) and learning motivation ( t=4.20, P=0.001). The students in the test group were generally satisfied with the new method combining case-based learning and clinical anatomy. Conclusion:The new method combining case-based learning and clinical anatomy has positive effects on students' self-directed learning ability, especially on learning efficiency and motivation, with a high degree of satisfaction from the students.
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Objective:To explore the action mechanism of suppressing expression of mitogen- activated protein kinase 14（MAPK14）to alleviate glutamate excitatory toxicity and its neuronal protection effect.Methods:Lentivirus-mediated MAPK14 interference vector was synthetized by Shanghai Jikai Gene Chemical Technology Co.，Ltd. Astrocytes were obtained from SD rats 48 hours after birth，which were cultured in vitro and transfected by lentivirus-mediated transfection. According to the random number table，the cells were divided into three groups：（1）un-transfected group（normal group）with normal astrocytes and the cells were cultured in regular medium composed of Dulbecco's?modified Eagle's?medium（DMEM）；（2）negative control group with astrocytes transfected by MAPK14 no-loaded interference vector；（3）lentivirus transfected group with astrocytes transfected by MAPK14 interference vector. Seventy-two hours after transfection，astrocytes were co-cultured with neurons for 48 hours，and then they were cultured in a medium containing glutamate for 2 hours. The detection indexes included the optimal multiplicity of infection（MOI）value for astrocytes transfected by lentivirus vector，mRNA levels of MAPK14 and glial glutamate transporter 1（GLT-1）detected by rPCR 72 hours after transfection，protein levels of MAPK14 and GLT-1 detected by Western blot 72 hours after transfection，level of lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）and mortality of neurons measured by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry 2 hours after culturing in the medium with glutamate. Results:（1）The optimal MOI value for lentivirus transfecting astrocytes was 30，and astrocytes grew well after transfection.（2）Seventy-two after transfection，the mRNA level of MAPK14 in lentivirus transfected group（0.005 7±0.000 6）was significantly decreased as compared with un-transfected group（0.013 1±0.001 1）and negative control group（0.013 9±0.001 0）（ P<0.01），the mRNA level of GLT-1 in lentivirus transfected group（0.009 1±0.001 2）was not significantly changed as compared with un-transfected group（0.008 7±0.000 3）and negative control group（0.008 9±0.001 1）（ P>0.05）.（3）Seventy-two hours after transfection，the protein level of MAPK14 in lentivirus transfected group（0.29±0.04）was significantly decreased as compared with non-transfected group（0.61±0.05）and negative control group（0.63±0.01）（ P<0.01），the protein level of GLT-1 in lentivirus transfected group（0.73±0.06）was significantly increased as compared with un-transfected group（0.20±0.03）and negative control group（0.23±0.09）（ P<0.01）.（4）After astrocytes were co-cultured with neurons and subsequently cultured in the medium containing glutamate for 2 hours，the level of LDH in lentivirus transfected group［（109.67±2.40）U/L］was significantly lower than that in un-transfected group［（141.52±3.88）U/L］and negative control group［（141.29±3.61）U/L］（ P<0.01）. The mortality of neurons in lentivirus transfected group［（38.72±0.26）%］was significantly lower than that in un-transfected group［（52.94±1.36）%］and negative control group［（54.30±1.23）%］（ P<0.01）. Conclusions:The transfection with lentivirus-mediated MAPK14 interference vector can increase expression of GLT-1 in astrocytes to increase glutamate re-uptake and relieve the glutamate excitatory toxicity in neurons，which may provide a new experimental basis for future use of astrocyte gene regulation to alleviate neuronal injury caused by glutamate excitatory toxicity after traumatic brain injury.
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Objective To explore the effect of cytoglobin (CYGB) low expression on the proliferation of glioma cells and its mechanism.Methods Glioma samples were chosen from patients accepted glioma resection in our hospital from June 2012 to December 2015;primary glioma cells extracted from these samples were cultured and performed purity identification.The nominated cells were divided into transfection of 24 h group,transfection of 48 h group,transfection of 72 h group,and negative control group;cells,excepted from negative control group,were transfected by CYGB shRNA for 24,48 and 72 h,respectively,to inhibit the CYGB expression.CCK-8 assay was used to observe the proliferation of glioma cells after different transfection times (0,1,2,3,4 and 5 d after cell culture).The expressions of CYGB,phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K),total alanine aminotransferase (Akt) and phosphorylated (p)-Akt were detected by Western blotting,and the levels of interleukin (IL)-6,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α,transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined by ELISA.Results (1) The proliferation of glioma cells was enhanced at different times after CYGB shRNA transfection,and the optical density showed significant differences at different times after CYGB shRNA transfection (P＜0.05);as compared with those in the negative control group,the cell proliferative capacity and optical density in the transfection of 24 h group,transfection of 48 h group and transfection of 72 h group were significantly increased (P＜0.05).As compared with those in the negative control group,the CYGB protein expression was significantly d ecreased and PI3K and p-Akt protein expressions were significantly increased in the transfection of 24 h group,transfection of 48 h group and transfection of 72 h group,accordingly (P＜0.05),while no significant difference was noted in the total Akt protein expression (P＞0.05).The levels of IL6,IL10,TNF-α,TGF-β,and VEGF were successively increased in the transfection of 24 h group,transfection of 48 h group and transfection of 72 h group as compared with those in the negative control group (P＜0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of CYGB in the glioma was negatively correlated with PI3K and p-Akt expressions,and IL-6,IL-10,TNF-α,TGF-β,and VEGF levels (P＜0.05).Conclusion The effect of cytoglobin on proliferation of glioma cells may be related to the signal pathway of PI3K-Akt.
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Objective To discus the diagnosis,favorabl management and diagnosis of pilocytastrocytoma.Methods Provided by the information from CT,MRI and operation,we try to discus and confirm the characteristics of this tumor.Results Pilocytastrocytoma commonly occurs in 20 years old or younger.The most frequent location involve by tumor were cerebellum.The most common presenting sympton was increased intracranial pressure,and then cerebellum symptoms such as incoordination.Final diagnosis made depending on mainly pathology.We found the relationship between prognosis and the extent of surgical removal.Conclusions Pilocytastrocytoma usually occur in children and adolescent.The most common site of these tumors are the cerebellum.And the more complete extent of surgical removal,the better prognosis.So it was called as "benign" tumors.If pilocyticastrocytoma were subtotally excised,the addition of postoperative irradiati could significantly prolong survival.