RESUMO
COPD has widespread systemic manifestations. Inflammation plays important role in its pathophysiology. Aim of the present study was to compare markers of oxidative stress and inflammation between obese and non obese COPD patients. The levels of pro inflammatory cytokines CRP, IL6 and TNF α were compared between obese and non-obese subjects by applying student’s t test. Oxidative imbalance was assessed by analyzing MDA and FRAP assay in same subjects. Correlation of BMI with the above study parameters was analyzed using Pearson’s test. Results indicated that levels of CRP, IL6 and TNF α were elevated in obese group as compared to non-obese group (p<0.001). Total antioxidant capacity estimated by FRAP assay was lower (p=0.005) but the levels of oxidants estimated indirectly by MDA was higher (p=0.01) in obese COPD patients. In all COPD patients included in present study BMI correlated inversely with FRAP (r=-0.546, p=0.013), FVC (r=0.548, p=0.012) and FEV1 (r=-0.865, p<0.001). Similarly BMI correlated positively with markers of inflammation namely CRP(r=0.526, p=0.017), IL6(r=0.865, p<0.001), TNF α (r=0.653,p=0.002). Positive correlation of BMI was found with MDA(r=0.536, p=0.015). Conclusion: there is higher inflammation in obesity resulting in oxidant antioxidant imbalance and lung function decline.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic, and membrane stabilization activities, and in vivo antiemetic and antipyretic potentials of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of Spilanthes paniculata leaves for the first time widely used in the traditional treatments in Bangladesh. RESULTS: In antipyretic activity assay, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the temperature in the mice tested. At dose 400 mg/kg-body weight, the n-hexane soluble fraction showed the effect (36.7 ± 0.63°C ) as like as the standard (dose 150 mg/kg-body weight) after 5 h of administration. Extracts showed significant (P < 0.001) potential when tested for the antiemetic activity compared to the standard, metoclopramide. At dose 50 mg/kg-body weight, the standard showed 67.23% inhibition, whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed 37.53% and 24.93% inhibition of emesis respectively at dose 400 mg/kg-body weight. In antimicrobial activity assay, the n-hexane soluble fraction (400 µg/disc) showed salient activity against the tested organisms. It exerts highest activity against Salmonella typhi (16.9 mm zone of inhibition); besides, crude, and ethyl acetate extracts showed resistance to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio cholera respectively. All the extracts were tested for lysis of the erythrocytes. At the concentration of 1mg/ml, ethanol extract, and n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions significantly inhibited hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell (HRBC) (27.406 ± 3.57, 46.034 ± 3.251, and 30.72 ± 5.679% respectively); where standard drug acetylsalicylic acid (concentration 0.1 mg/ml) showed 77.276 ± 0.321% inhibition. In case of heat induced HRBC hemolysis, the plant extracts also showed significant activity (34.21 ± 4.72, 21.81 ± 3.08, and 27.62 ± 8.79% inhibition respectively). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the n-hexane fraction showed potent (LC50 value 48.978 µg/ml) activity, whereas ethyl acetate fraction showed mild (LC50 value 216.77 µg/ml) cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the n-hexane extract has better effects than the other in all trials. In the context, it can be said that the leaves of S. paniculata possess remarkable pharmacological effects, and justify its folkloric use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiemetic agent. Therefore, further research may be suggested to find possible mode of action of the plant part.