RESUMO
Caffeine at high doses is a known rodent teratogen and induces limb malformations along with cleft palate in various strains of rats and mice. The teratogenic effects of some drugs can be prevented by the application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. Also, there is some evidence that galbanum is antioxidant. Therefore, in this study, the prophylactic effect of galbanum on teratogenic effects of caffeine was evaluated. This experimental study was performed on 28 pregnant rats that were divided into four groups. Control group received normal saline and test groups received caffeine [80 mg/kg], caffeine [80 mg/kg] plus galbanum [200 mg/kg] and galbanum [200 mg/kg], intraperitonealy at 9-11th days of gestation, respectively. Fetuses were collected at 20th day of gestation and after determination of weight and length; they were stained by Alizarin red - Alcian blue method. Cleft palate incidence was 33.3%, in caffeine group and decreased to 8.3% by galbanum. The mean of weight and length of fetuses from rat that received galbanum were significantly greater than those received only caffeine. It is concluded that galbanum decreased cleft palate induced by caffeine; but its mechanism needs more details evaluation
RESUMO
Prenatal rat embryo exposure to retinoid induces some malformations in various organs, the most active and teratogenic metablolite is all-trans-retinoic acid [atRA]. The teratogenic effects of some drugs can be prevented by the application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. Also, quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid has excellent antioxidant properties. Therefore, in this study, the prophylactic effect of quercetin on teratogenic effects of atRA was evaluated. In this experimental study, 40 pregnant rats were divided into 7 groups. Control group received normal saline and test groups received dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO], quercetin [75 mg/kg], quercetin [200 mg/kg], atRA [25 mg/kg], atRA [25 mg/kg] plus quercetin [75 mg/kg] and atRA [25 mg/kg] plus quercetin [200 mg/kg], intraperitoneally at 8-10th days of gestation. Fetuses were collected at 20th day of gestation and after determination of weight and length; they were stained by Alizarin red-Alcian blue method. Cleft palate, exencephaly and spina bifida incidence were 30.76, 61.53 and 30.76% range in group which received only atRA. Cleft palate, exencephaly and spina bifida incidence were 11.11, 16.66 and 5.55% in group which received atRA plus quercetin [75 mg/kg]. However, cleft palate, exencephaly and spina bifida incidence were 10.52, 10.52 and 0% in group which received atRA plus quercetin [200 mg/kg]. The means of weight and length of fetuses from rat that received atRA plus quercetin [75 mg/kg] were significantly greater than those received only atRA. It is concluded that quercetin decreased teratogenicity induced by atRA, but this subject needs more detailed evaluation
RESUMO
Sincemelatoninhas been effectiveinsomestudiesto improveliver failureandyetits effectinreducingliver toxicityofamphotericin Bwas not evaluated,in the present studythe effects ofmelatoninandvitaminE were compared inreducingliver toxicitycaused byamphotericin Binrabbits. The study was performed on five groups of rabbits; one control group, and 4 amphotericin [1 mg/kg] receiving groups [2 to 5], group 3 received melatonin [1 mg/kg], group 4 received vitamin E [80 mg/kg], and group 5 received melatonin together with vitamin E. Alterations in enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and liver tissue were evaluated. Results showed that administration of amphotericin had significantly increased the activity level of liver function related enzymes. But consumption of vitamin E and melatonin prevented this increase, while the combination of vitamin E and melatonin had a more significant effect on lactate dehydrogenase. Also compared with the control group, liver tissue damage and cellular damage were significant after amphotericin consumption and these changes were decreased by melatonin and vitamin E. Melatonin and vitamin E may prevent liver damage caused by amphotericin through their antioxidant properties
RESUMO
There are some reports that the teratogenic effects of cyclophosphamide [CPA] can be prevented by application of antioxidant drugs and stimulation of the maternal immune system. Echinacea purpurea extract is antioxidative and immunomodulator drug. Mesna [Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate] is used for decreasing side effects of CPA, especially hemorrhagic cystitis. In this study, we compared the prophylactic effects of mesna and Echinacea extract on teratogenic effects of CPA. This study was performed on 32 pregnant rats that were divided into 4 groups. The first group [control group] received normal saline and the other groups received CPA [15 mg/kg intraperitoneally] on 13th day of gestation. Mesna and E. purpurea extracts were administrated at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg by IP injection, respectively, along with it and 12 hr later, after CPA injection. Rats were dissected on day 20 of gestation, embryos harvested and after determination of gross malformations they were stained by Alizarin red-Alcian blue method. Cleft palate incidence was 38.46, 30.77 and 14.28% in fetuses of rats that received only CPA, CPA with mesna and CPA with Echinacea extract, respectively. In addition, skeletal anomalies incidence including limbs, vertebra, sternum, and scapula defects were decreased by Echinacea extract. E. purpurea has significant effect on preventing CPA-induced malformations and better prophylactic effect than mesna on cases like CPA-induced cleft palate