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Objective To evaluate the occurrence of surgical site infection (SSI) after cesarean section in secondary and above medical institutions in China since 2009,and provide data support for monitoring healthcare-associated infection(HAI).Methods Literatures on SSI following cesarean section published after 2009 were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),Chinese Science&Technology Journal Database (VIP),Wanfang Database,and PubMed,quality of literatures was evaluated by referring to disease incidence or morbidity quality evaluation criteria,combined incidence of SSI was estimated by Meta analysis,subgroup analysis was performed according to the levels of the medical institutions.Results A total of 61 literatures were included in the study,19,36,and 6 literatures were with quality scores of 7,6,and 5 respectively,the overall quality of literatures was better.The total sample size was 173 319 cases,2 860 cases occurred SSI,incidence of SSI after cesarean section was 1.8％(95％CI[1.6％,2.0％]).Subgroup analysis showed that incidence of HAI in secondary medical institutions was 2.3％(95％ CI[1.8％,2.7％]),which was higher than 1.4％ (95％CI[1.2％,1.7％])of tertiary medical institutions.Conclusion Incidence of SSI after cesarean section in secondary and above medical institutions in China is high,and is different among different levels of medical institutions.Different monitoring baselines should be established according to actual condition,so as to guide HAI control work scientifically.
RESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the sperm quality of college students in Chengdu area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) was made of the sperm concentration, grade A sperm, grade B sperm, sperm viability rate and movement parameters (VCL, VAP, VSL, LIN, STR) of 549 volunteers from 14 colleges in Chengdu area. The volunteers were divided into normal and abnormal groups according to the criteria (sperm concentration > or = 20 x 10(6)/ml, grade A and B sperm > or = 50% or grade A sperm > or = 25%). The results were compared with the data reported in China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 549 volunteers, the sperm concentration was (50.90 +/- 27.31) x 10(6)/ml, grade A and B sperm was (42.21 +/- 15.38)%, grade A sperm was (29.48 +/- 13.71)%, and the sperm viability rate was (56.40 +/- 14.77)%. The volunteers with normal sperm accounted for 62.84% (345/549) in contrast with abnormal (37.16%, 204/549). Among the 204 volunteers with abnormal sperms, there were 187 (90.67%) with abnormal motility, 39 (19.21%) with abnormal concentration, 22 (10.78%) with both abnormal concentration and abnormal motility. There were no volunteers without sperm. Among the 345 volunteers with normal sperm, the VCL, VAP and VSL were above 25 microns/s, and the VCL, VAP, VSL, LIN and STR were significantly higher than those of the abnormal group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the sperm concentration and the sperm viability rate in 549 volunteers, including 345 volunteers with normal sperm, were lower than the data reported in China.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Due attention should be paid to the sperm quality of the college students in Chengdu area, whose sperm concentration and sperm viability rate have a tendency to decrease.</p>