Research progress on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中华临床营养杂志

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide nowadays. Given the very complex pathogenesis, there are yet no effective pharmacological agents for the treatment of NAFLD. Accumulating evidence has shown that cholesterol metabolism dysregulation, resulting in excess cholesterol accumulation in the liver and subsequent hepatic inflammation and injury, is one of the most important causes for the occurrence and development of NAFLD. This suggests the application of cholesterol metabolism- targeting therapeutic strategy in NAFLD. This review firstly summarized the pathogenesis of NAFLD, then focused on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and underlying mechanisms through which excess hepatic cholesterol contributed to NAFLD, and reviewed the research progress on cholesterol-lowering agents aimed at maintaining the cholesterol homeostasis to treat NAFLD, which would provide insights for novel strategies to treat NAFLD in both preclinical studies and clinical settings.

Progress of sensory abnormality and intervention in children with autism spectrum / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental behavioral disorders, with the annually increased incidence in recent years.As one of the core symptoms of ASD, sensory abnormality not only affects the skill acquisition of affected children, but also brings great pain to caregivers and families.It is shown that early intervention of sensory abnormality can significantly improve the prognosis of ASD.However, early intervention depends on the early identification and diagnosis of sensory abnormality by clinicians.This study aims to review the clinical features, assessment tools, and intervention methods of sensory abnormalities in ASD children in recent years, thus contribu-ting to the accurate and effective diagnosis, and timely intervention of ASD.

Anti-dengue virus activity of natural podocarpane-type diterpenoid in vitro / 药学学报

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most rapidly transmitted mosquito-borne pathogen, which is the main cause of seasonal outbreaks of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in tropical and subtropical regions, and may cause serious life-threatening diseases. There is an urgent need to develop effective vaccines or antiviral therapies. In this paper, we found that a podocarpane-type diterpenoid, (3α,5β,10α)-13-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-3,12-diol (MPTD), isolated from the stems and leaves of Aleurites moluccana, showed good effect against DENV. The anti-DENV activity of MPTD against four different DENV serotypes was studied by plaque assay. The cytotoxicity of MPTD in Vero and Huh7 cells was tested by MTT assay. qRT-PCR and Western blot assays were used to investigate the anti-DENV activity of MPTD at RNA and protein levels, respectively. The results showed that MPTD greatly reduced the virus titer in DENV infected Vero cells, and its 50% effective concentration (EC50) for DENV (1–4) were 2.72 ± 0.39, 10.99 ± 5.18, 18.72 ± 0.21, and 0.48 ± 0.28 μmol·L-1, respectively. The results showed that MPTD inhibits DENV RNA level and the expression of E protein. In addition, MPTD may inhibit the early stage of DENV replication and exert antiviral activity. Further studies showed that the inhibitory effect of MPTD against DENV infection is not targeting the viral entry stage. Therefore, MPTD has a significant anti-dengue virus effect, and is an anti-DENV compound with potential application value.

Effect of calorie-enriched formula on postoperative catch-up growth in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease: a propective randomized controlled study / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effect of calorie-enriched formula on postoperative catch-up growth in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD).@*METHODS@#A total of 100 infants with cyanotic CHD who underwent surgical operation from January to December, 2017, were randomly divided into a high-calorie group (receiving calorie-enriched formula after surgery) and a conventional group (receiving standard formula after surgery), with 50 infants in each group. All infants were followed up for 6 months. The observation indices included body height, body weight, prealbumin, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide before surgery, at the time of ventilator weaning and extubation after surgery, and at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) were also assessed. Adverse reactions were recorded for both groups.@*RESULTS@#There were 25 cases (50%) and 21 cases (42%) of malnutrition in the high-calorie group and the conventional group respectively before surgery (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Compared with the standard formula, calorie-enriched formula can better help with postoperative catch-up growth in infants with cyanotic CHD.

Serum interleukin-6 predicts delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective:To investigate the independent correlation between serum IL-6 level and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and to evaluate its predictive value for DCI.Methods:Consecutive patients with aSAH admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from June 2017 to June 2019 were enrolled retrospectively. They were divided into DCI group and non-DCI group according to the diagnostic criteria of DCI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent correlation between serum IL-6 and DCI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of serum IL-6 level for DCI. Results:A total of 160 patients with aSAH were enrolled. They aged 66.1±8.1 years, and 98 were males (61.3%); 76 patients (47.5%) had DCI. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that after adjusting for smoking, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and drug treatment, serum IL-6 (the first quartile as a reference, and the third quartile: odds ratio[ OR] 3.885, 95% confidence interval [ CI]1.361-7.189; the fourth quartile: OR 9.706, 95% CI 3.412-18.344), Glasgow Coma Scale score ( OR 2.174, 95% CI 1.325-4.538) and Fisher grade ( OR 3.267, 95% CI 1.638-6.725) were independently associated with DCI. The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of serum IL-6 for predicting DCI was 0.777 (95% CI 0.706-0.849), and the optimal cut-off value was 13.01 ng/L. The sensitivity and specificity of predicting DCI were 72.4% and 71.4%, respectively. Conclusions:Serum IL-6 is an independent risk factor for DCI after aSAH, and has certain predictive value for DCI.

Correlation between serum β-amyloid 42 level and cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between serum β-amyloid (Aβ) 42 level and cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD).Methods:Consecutive patients with CSVD admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University from September 2016 to September 2019 were enrolled retrospectively. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Chinese edition), Clinical Dementia Rating and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale were used for neuropsychological evaluations. According to the diagnostic criteria of mild cognitive impairment, they were divided into cognitive impairment group and normal cognitive function group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of serum Aβ42 level for cognitive impairment. Results:A total of 171 patients with CSVD were enrolled. The serum Aβ42 was 2.14±0.56 μg/L. Eight-one patients (47.4%) had cognitive impairment, and 90 (52.6%) had normal cognitive function. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, history of previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum Aβ42 between the cognitive impairment group and the normal cognitive function group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure and history of previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, serum Aβ42 (odd ratio [ OR] 2.974, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.632-6.348; P=0.009), hypertension ( OR 2.063, 95% CI 1.340-5.438; P=0.021) and fasting blood glucose ( OR, 1.598, 95% CI 1.167-4.156; P=0.030) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of serum Aβ42 was 0.700 (95% CI 0.619-0.782; P<0.001). The optimal cut-off value was 2.39 μg/L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 56.8% and 80.0%, respectively. Conclusions:Aβ42 is independently correlated with cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD, and can be used to predict cognitive impairment in patients with CSVD.

The diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (GI-NENs). Methods: We studied the patients diagnosed with GI-NENs from January 2015 to February 2019 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and recorded their pathology, endoscopic features and treatment. We analyzed the accuracy of diagnosis GI-NENs by endoscopic ultrasonography, endosonographic characteristics and the choice of surgical methods for different lesions. Results: A total of 33 patients had pathological findings and were treated at our hospital. With pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography diagnosis was 90.9%. GI-NENs usually occurred in the rectum and the stomach. Endoscopically, they were spherical or hemispherical, yellow or white and hypoechoic bulging lesions with smooth surface and hard texture, which usually originated from the submucosa. Results: Endoscopic ultrasonography has a great diagnostic value in GI-NENs and it helps make decision on treatment.

The predictive value of right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension / 中国实用内科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive value of Ees/Ea in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension based on right cardiac catheterization and cardiac magnetic resonance examination. METHODS: A total of 50 pulmonary arterial hypertension patients confirmed by right heart catheterization were retrospectively reviewed and followed up 2 years. The relationship between the baseline clinical data and survival prognosis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension were analyzed. The predictive value of baseline Ees/Ea for prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension were compared. RESULTS: The Ees/Ea calculated by volume method was significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension(OR =0.082, 95%CI 0.009-0.814, P=0.032). The two-year survival rate of group Ees/Ea>0.67 was significantly higher than that of Ees/Ea≤0.67(86.7% vs. 50%, P=0.003). Conclution Ees/Ea calculated by volume method is an independent influence factor of the survival prognosis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. When Ees/Ea≤0.67, the patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension is more likely to deteriorate.

Screening and identification of antagonistic Bacillus against Astragalus membranaceus root rot and its effect on microorganism community in root zone soil / 中国中药杂志

The Astragalus membranaceus root rot disease,a soil-borne disease,has become increasingly severe in Shanxi province.This study was aimed at getting antagonistic Bacillus with excellent bio-control effects,and determining its effects on bacterial communities in root zone soil. With Fusarium solani and F. acuminatum as the target,antagonistic Bacillus was selected through such tests as living body dual culture,antifungal effect of bacteria-free filtrate,mycelia growth inhibition in vitro and control effect in detached roots,and identified with morphology,physio-biochemical characteristics and 16 S r DNA sequence analysis. The results showed that the Bacillus strain SXKF16-1 had obvious antifungal effect. The diameter of inhibition zone of its bacteria-free filtrate to F. solani and F. acuminatum was( 25. 90±1. 18) mm and( 25. 86±1. 85) mm respectively,and showed a lasting inhibition effect to mycelia growth. The disease index of the protective treatment and that of the cure treatment in detached roots test to F. solani and F. acuminatum were( 37. 50±8. 58),( 41. 67±4. 90) and( 25. 00±8. 33),( 38. 89±9. 62) respectively,both being significantly different( P<0. 05) from that of the control. The strain SXKF16-1 was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus. The B. atrophaeus SXKF16-1 showed significantly inhibition effect to pathogen causing root rot and could increase the bacterial diversity in root zone soil. It has potential to be developed as a special biocontrol agent.

Thoracoscopic operation of the third type of esophageal atresia : a single center's experiences / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective Conclusion thoracoscope surgery clinical data and correcting Ⅲ esophageal atresia(EA) and discuss the feasibility and clinical effect.Methods 24 cases confirmed the third type of esophageal atresia were retrospectively analyzed.There were 12 male and 12 female.9 cases were type Ⅲa EA and 15 cases were type Ⅲb EA.The weights were from 1.9 kg to 3.6 kg,mean weight was 2.56 kg.The age were from born to 8 days,the mean age was 2.5 days.Before operation esophageal contrast study was carried out,also ultrasonography was routinely used to evaluate heart and abdominal viscera.Results The diagnosis of third type EA was confirmed by esophageal contrast study with a blind proximal end of the esophagus and air inflation in the gut.There were 3 cases with proximal blind pouch at the 2nd vertebrate level and the other 21 cases at the 3rd to 4th vertebrate level.All the cases except one just beginning transferred to open operation because hypo-SpO2 was corrected by thoracoscopic operation.The operation time was from 110 min to 280 min,and the mean time was 120 min.The azygos vein in the former 14 cases divided and was preserved in the latter 10 cases.So the stump of the tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) of the latter 10 cases were covered by the preserved azygos vein or plus the parietal pleura.One Ⅲa type EA could not be repaired by the radical operation and abandoned.5 cases with anastomotic leakage were cured by conserved tactics.2 cases with early TEF recurrence were initially supported by enteral nutrition by putting nasogastric jejunal tube and corrected by the 2nd stage operation.5 cases with anastomotic stricture were dilated by two times.Conclusion It is feasible to correct the Ⅲ type EA by thoracoscopic operation with good results and nice appearances.The preserved azygos vein to cover the stump of the TEF may contribute to reduce the recurrence of TEF.

Cloning and functional analysis of JAZ genes in Artemisia annua / 药学学报

Jasmonic acid (JA) can promote the biosynthesis of artemisinin.To have an insight into the JA signaling in Artemisia annua,two new genes belonging to JAZ family,namely AaJAZ5 and AaJAZ6,were cloned from Artemisia annua,which might be the negative regulators involved in the JA signaling pathway.Bioinformatic analysis showed that AaJAZ5 and AaJAZ6 contained the conserved domains of ZIM and Jas specific to JAZ family.According to tissue profile analysis,AaJAZ5 had the highest expression level in leaf and AaJAZ6 had the highest expression level in root.The expression levels of both AaJAZ5 and AaJAZ6 were markedly elevated by methyl jasmonate and mechanical wounding.The BiFC results indicated that AaJAZ5,as well as AaJAZ6,physically interacted with AaMYC2.Importantly,only AaJAZ5 could interact with AaCOI1.The interaction assays given by BiFC suggested that AaJAZ5 might play a crucial role in JA signaling.This study facilitated the further analysis of the functional divergence of JAZ-family members and the understanding of molecular mechanism on JA signaling to regulate the artemisinin biosynthesis.

Changes in expression of keratin genes in renal tissues during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the changes in the expression of keratin genes in renal tissues during renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice.Methods Six wild type male C57/B6 mice,aged 50 days,weighing 20-30 g,were divided into 2 groups (n=3 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (Sham group) and I/R group.Right renal arteries and veins were clamped for 1 h followed by reperfusion,and the left kidneys were removed to establish the model of renal I/R injury.At 24 h of reperfusion,blood samples were collected from the left ventricle for determination of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations by colorimetric method.The right kidney specimens were obtained for pathologic examination and for determination of the expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mRNA (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR]) and keratin genes (by Affemetrixc DNA microarray).The differentially expressed genes identified were further confirmed by qRT-PCR.Results Compared with Sham group,the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly increased,the expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mRNA was up-regulated (P＜0.05),and the damage to the renal tubules was aggravated in I/R group.The results of microarray analysis showed that only keratin 20 gene (the expresion was up-regulated) was the differentially expressed gene (P＜0.05),and the results measured by qRT-PCR were consistent with those measured by Affemetrixc DNA microarray.Conclusion Keratin 20 gene expression in renal tissues is up-regulated during renal I/R injury in mice,and the change may be involved in the endogenous protective mechanism during renal I/R injury.

Effects of CTHRC1 on human ovarian cancer cell metastasis and its mechanism / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To investigate the role of collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (CTHRC1) in ovarian cancer cell metastasis and the related mechanism. Methods·The expression of CTHRC1 in ovarian cancer cells was detected by Western blotting. The cell line which had high expression of CTHRC1 was transfected with a CTHRC1 specific shRNA, and the lenti-CTHRC1 was used to overexpress CTHRC1 in the cell line whose expression of CTHRC1 was very low. Then the expression of Slug and MMP-2 was assessed. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration and invasion capability of ovarian cancer cells after transfection. Results·The expression of CTHRC1 in HO8910 cells was the lowest, while the CTHRC1 protein level was dramatically increased after transfection of lenti-CTHRC1. Meanwhile, there was a distinct rise of the migration and invasion ability, as well as the expression of Slug and MMP-2 (all P<0.05). Conversely, CaOV3 cells had a higher protein expression of CTHRC1. By using lenti-shCTHRC1, a remarkable knockdown of CTHRC1 was obtained. Likewise, the capability of migration and invasion was decreased, and the Slug and MMP-2 expression was reduced (all P<0.05). Conclusion·CTHRC1 might positively regulate Slug and MMP-2 to promote ovarian cancer cell metastasis.

Current research on the treatment and diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis / 解放军医学杂志

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease, with intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile duct diffuse inflammation, fibrosis, focal or segmental stenosis as the main features. Eventually this disease leads to bile duct obstruction, biliary cirrhosis and liver failure. The detection and diagnosis rate of PSC are increasing year by year, thus PSC becomes the hot spot for the study of hepatic inflammatory diseases. In this paper, we especially put our focus on the recent progress about diagnosis and treatment of PSC, and some special cases, including primary sclerosing cholangitis-autoimmune hepatitis (PSC-AIH), autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), ductile of PCS. These should help clinicians make a appropriate diagnosis and give correct treatment for these diseases.

Characteristics and its risk fastors of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in the early brain development of preterm infant / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To study the characteristics and its risk fastors of brain development of the preterm infant early after birth in amplitude-integrated electroencephalography(aEEG). Methods The 153 preterm infants who had seen a doctor in Peking University First Hospital from April 2009 to August 2013 accepted the aEEG check at term of corrected gestational age ( ≥ 38 weeks but < 42 weeks of corrected gestational age). The risk factors of brain development, such as gestational age ( < 30, 30 ≤ - ≤ 33+6 and 34≤-≤36+6 weeks), clinical informations [relatively stable group including 104 cases without any serious complications or brain injury, the group only suffering from a serious brain injury (19 cases), and the group only suffering from severe systemic disease (30 cases)] and nutrition (good or malnutrition), were analyzed. Also the relationship between the aEEG and the cranial ultrasound detected at the same time and the Gesell Developmental Scale at six months of corrected gestational age. Theχ2 test, two independent samples t-test and Logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results The aEEG of 52%(79/153) cases reached the level of normal full-term newborn at term of corrected gestational age, only 48% (74/153) were abnormal. The abnormal rate of aEEG results in relatively stable preterm infants decreased from 3/6 (<30 weeks) to 35%(13/37) at 34 ≤ - ≤ 36+6 weeks, but the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=1.998, P=0.353). The abnormal rate of aEEG results in the group suffering from a serious brain injury was higher than the relatively stable preterm infants [14/19 vs 44%(46/104) ,χ2=5.578, P=0.024]. In relatively stable preterm infants, there was no difference of the abnormal rate of the aEEG results between intrauterine malnutrition group and good nutrition group [46%(19/41) vs 43%(27/63),χ2=0.122, P=0.727]. Neither was between extrauterine malnutrition group and good nutrition group [52%(13/25) vs 42%(33/79),χ2=0.805, P=0.369]. Serious brain injury was independent risk factor of abnormal aEEG (OR=3.453, 95%CI: 1.177-10.132, P=0.024). The coincidence rate of aEEG and the cranial ultrasound examination or the scores of Gesell Developmental Scale was 57%(56/98) and 50%(10/20), respectively. Conclusions The brain catch-up development may appears early after birth in preterm infants, which are impaired by lower gestational age and the severe brain injury. It is more effective of aEEG for evaluating the brain development of preterm infants when combines with other methods.

Analysis of Antibiotics Use in One Case of Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Abscess / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of clinical pharmacist in the therapy for patient with community-acquired Pseudo-monas aeruginosa lung abscess. METHODS:Clinical pharmacist participated in the therapy for a patient with community-acquired P. aeruginosa lung abscess,analyzed anti-infective therapy plan,and adjusted drug use timely to correct agranulocytosis induced by anti-infective drugs. RESULTS:The physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists,controlled the infection successful-ly and corrected agranulocytosis. CONCLUSIONS:Community-acquired P. aeruginosa lung abscess is rare but has high mortality. Clinical pharmacists participate in drug therapy,assist physician to improve and optimize therapy plan and formulate individual medication plan so as to promote promote care rate of patients.

Effect of pomegranate peel polyphenol gel on cutaneous wound healing in alloxan-induced diabetic rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pomegranate (punica granatum) belongs to the family Punicaceae, and its peel has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine because of its efficacy in restraining intestine, promoting hemostasis, and killing parasites. Pomegranate peel has been reported to possess wound-healing properties which are mainly attributed to its polyphenol extracts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPP) gel on cutaneous wound healing in diabetic rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were given incisional wounds on each side of the mid-back and then treated daily with PPP gel (polyphenol mass fraction = 30%) post-wounding. Rats were sacrificed on days 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-wounding to assess the rates of wound closure, histological characteristics; and to detect the contents of hydroxyproline, production of nitric oxide (NO), and activities of NO synthase (NOS), as well as the expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in wound tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Wound closure was significantly shortened when PPP gel was applied to the wounds of diabetic rats. Histological examination showed the ability of PPP gel to increase fibroblast infiltration, collagen regeneration, vascularization, and epithelialization in the wound area of diabetic rats. In addition, PPP gel-treated diabetic rats showed increased contents of hydroxyproline, production of NO, and activities of NOS and increased expressions of TGF-β1, VEGF, and EGF in wound tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PPP gel may be a beneficial method for treating wound disorders associated with diabetes.</p>

Shizukaol F: a new structural type inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase RNase H / 药学学报

This study is to investigate the mechanism of action of lindenane disesquiterpenoid shizukaol F on HIV-1 replication. Real time quantity PCR, ELISA assay and fluorescence methods were used to test HIV-1 reverse transcription process, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, and RNase H activity, respectively. It showed that shizukaol F inhibited LTR/Gag production of HIV-1 reverse transcription with an IC50 of 9.11 micromol x L(-1). This result is consistent with its inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication (IC50 of 6.12 micromol x L(-1)). Mechanism studies showed that compound shizukaol F inhibited HIV-1 RT-RNase H with IC50 of 26.4 micromol x L(-1), but had no effect on HIV-1 RT RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. In conclusion, shizukaol F is a new structural type HIV-1 RNase H inhibitor. This discovery will provide a clue for new type of reverse transcriptase inhibitors development.