Determination of 22 phospholipids in serum by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To establish ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 22 phospholipids in serum. Methods: In September 2022, Using synthetic non endogenous phospholipids as internal standard, phospholipids in serum were extracted by methanol-dichloromethane (2∶1, V/V) protein precipitation method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH shield RP18 column, and the mobile phase was methanol/water (5∶95, V/V) containing 10 mM ammonium formate and methanol. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode with ion mode switching. And the method was applied by analyzing phospholipids in the serum of coal workers' pneumoconiosis patients. Results: The 22 phospholipids showed good linear relationships in their respective concentration ranges and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.990. The spiked recoveries of the 22 phospholipids were 81.03%-121.63% at the three spiked levels. The intra-assay were less than 14.52%, and the inter-assay were less than 15.00%. Conclusion: The method with the advantages of simplicity, stability and high sensitivity, and it can be used for the analysis of phospholipids in serum.

Projects status analysis of occupational respiratory diseases funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China from 1987 to 2018 / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the funding status of the National Natural Science Fund(NNSF) in the field of occupational respiratory disease(ORD) research in China. METHODS: Through the NNSF Committee Science Foundation sharing service network database, we collected the information of funded projects in the field of ORD research in China from 1987 to 2018, and analyzed the funding expenditure, funding categories, supporting units and research contents. RESULTS: A total of 106 NNSF funded projects were obtained in the research field of ORD in China in the period 1987-2018, and the total amount of funding was 37.945 million yuan. The number of funded projects, the average and the total amounts of fundings showed an increasing trend year by year(all P<0.05). The main types of funded projects were general projects and Youth Science Foundation projects(97.2%). The funded projects and funds were mainly concentrated in colleges and universities, accounting for 79.2% and 83.4% respectively. Beijing(29 items, 27.4%), Hebei(13 items, 12.3%) and Jiangsu(11 items, 10.4%) were the top three provinces and municipalities in the number of funded projects. Silicosis, pulmonary fibrosis, quartz, alveolar macrophages and acute lung injury were the top five keywords of funded project items, and the research types mainly focused on the mechanism of diseases. CONCLUSION: The NNSF funding is imbalanced in the types of funding, supporting units, and regional distribution on ORD research field in China. It is suggested that the funding structure of NNSF should be optimized, interdisciplinary research should be encouraged and expanded, and cooperation among different institutions and regions should be promoted.

Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Asymptomatic People in Wuhan: Data from a General Hospital Near South China Seafood Wholesale Market during March to April in 2020 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people in Wuhan. This was a cross-sectional study, which enrolled 18,712 asymptomatic participants from 154 work units in Wuhan. Pearson Chi-square test,

Analysis of Health Service Utilization and its Influencing Factors among Patients with Pneumoconiosis in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Pneumoconiosis, an interstitial lung disease that occurs from breathing in certain kinds of damaging dust particles, is a major occupational disease in China. Patients diagnosed with occupational pneumoconiosis can avail of free medical treatment, whereas patients without a diagnosis of occupational diseases cannot not claim free medical treatment in most provinces from the government before 2019. This study aimed to analyze the priority of medical facility selection and its influencing factors among patients with pneumoconiosis. A total of 1,037 patients with pneumoconiosis from nine provinces in China were investigated. The health service institutions most frequently selected by the patients were county-level hospitals (37.5%). The main reason for the choice was these hospitals' close distance to the patients' homes (47.3%). The factors for the choice of health care institutions were living in the eastern region (

Risk of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Patients with Coal Workers'Pneumoconiosis: A Case-control Study in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The aim of this study was to estimate the association between occupational, environmental, behavioral risk factors, and active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) patients. A matched case-control study was conducted in 86 CWP patients with active PTB and 86 CWP controls without TB. A standardized questionnaire was used for risk factors assessment. Conditioned logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between the risk factors and active PTB among CWP patients. The results showed that the stage of CWP, poor workplace ventilation, family history of TB, and exposure to TB were independent risk factors for active PTB in patients with CWP with which recommendations for improving work environments, and for case finding activities in patients with CWP could be made.

Clinical analysis on hard metal lung disease / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features,and diagnostic and therapeutic method of hard metal lung disease( HMLD). METHODS: By using literature metrology method,the open published case reports associated with HMLD from January 1980 to October 2015 were searched using the China Hospital Knowledge Database,Wanfang Database and Pub Med Database. The data of patients with hard metal dust exposure history were collected and analyzed based on the inclusive and exclusive criteria. RESULTS: Thirty-six cases of HMLD were collected. The onset age of patients was 21. 0-63. 0( 37. 2 ± 11. 7) years old. The median exposure time was 6. 0( 0. 6-43. 0) years,and the major working type was hard metal grinder. The main clinical type of HMLD maily was giant cell interstitial pneumonia( GIP),hypersensitivity pneumonitis and occupational asthma were also seen. HMLD was lack of characteristic clinical manifestation. The clinical symptoms of HMLD mainly included dry cough,dyspnea on exertion,restrictive pulmonary ventilation,and diffuse pulmonary dysfunction. The imaging study showed ground-glass opacity,diffuse small nodule shadow and reticular opacity shadow,which were mainly seen in the lower lobes of both lungs. There were 24 cases( 66. 7%) showed GIP in the lung tissue in pathological examination. The tungsten and cobalt elements were detected in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in some cases. Among 22 patients treated with glucocorticoid after keeping away from hard metal dust exposure,the treatment was effective in 19 patients. The clinical symptoms of 6 patients were improved by avoiding hard metal dust exposure. CONCLUSION: HMLD belongs to the interstitial lung disease and there is no specific clinical manifestation. Glucocorticoid therapy is effective in most of the patients. The history of exposure to hard metal dust has important significance in making the diagnosis.

Occupational Exposure to Indium of Indium Smelter Workers / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Case reports of indium-related lung disease in workers have raised public concern to the human toxicity of indium (In) and its compounds. However, studies evaluating the exposure or health of workers in In smelting plants are rare. Therefore, in this study, we focused on four In smelting plants, with the main objective of characterizing In in smelter plants in China and discussing the potential exposure biomarkers of In exposure. We recruited 494 subjectsat four In smelting plants in China. Personal air samples, first morning urine and spot blood samples were collected. In concentrations in samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In concentrations in air samples did not exceed the permissible concentration-time weighed average, but the smelter workers had a higher internal exposure to In. Positive correlations were observed between the air In and urine In concentrations, and between the air In and blood In concentrations. This study provides basic data for the following In exposure and health risk assessment.

Urbanization and workers' compensation in China from 1995 to 2012 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

In order to determine the trend in the number of employees covered by workers' compensation (WC) and trends in the burdens and benefits of WC, and to discuss the possible factors that might influence those trends. A relevant national statistical data from 1995 to 2012 are collected and analyzed. In the results, we found that the proportion of employees covered by WC to total employees in urban areas increased from 13.7% in 1995 to 51.2% in 2012 and also exhibited a significant degree of polarization. In 2012, 27.3% of the peasant workers were covered by WC, which accounted for 37.8% of the total employees covered by WC. Factors found to impact the number of employees covered by WC and trends in the burdens and benefits of WC from 1995 to date in China included urbanization, represented by the migration of farm labor to urban areas, changes in industry mix, regional disparity, GDP movements, and changes to legislation on WC and occupational health and safety. It still has a long way to go to reduce work-related injuries and occupational diseases (ODs) to levels comparable with other industrialized countries.

A comparative study of the occupational disease list between Taiwan region and the mainland / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide technical reference for the revision of the list of occupational diseases of China, the list of occupational diseases between the Taiwan district and the Mainland China have been analyzed and compared.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Focus on the system of occupational diseases list between the Taiwan district and the Mainland China, the literature analysis and comparative methods were commonly used, and to explore the similarities and differences of the list of occupational diseases between the mainland and Taiwan.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The list of occupational diseases between the mainland and Taiwan shows uniformity in the legislative process, the status and role, classification, but exists difference in the enumeration mode, the legal basis of the development, the institutions to develop the list, classification and coverage et al.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>To revise the National List of Occupational Diseases, the socio-economic development requirements should be based on, combined with social security capacity, gradually expand the coverage of occupational diseases, to adapt to the needs of the occupational disease prevention.</p>

Misdiagnosis of pneumoconiosis or silicotuberculosis in China: a pooled analysis of 1178 cases / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the situation and causes of misdiagnosis of pneumoconiosis or silicotuberculosis in China by pooled analysis, and to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in China and reduce the misdiagnosis rate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A computer search was performed to collect the studies on the misdiagnosis of pneumoconiosis or silicotuberculosis published in China from 1985 to 2013. The obtained data were subjected to pooled analysis to investigate the causes of misdiagnosis and seek the measures for reducing misdiagnosis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifty-nine studies involving 1178 cases of misdiagnosed pneumoconiosis or silicotuberculosis were collected. There were 13 causes of misdiagnosis, and the most common one was the poor ability of identification due to inadequate experience in reading chest X-ray films (45.93%), followed by neglect of patient's occupational history (44.99%). Other causes of misdiagnosis included complex X-ray findings that are difficult to judge (29.03%), poor quality of chest radiographs (23.09%), and lack of regular health supervision (19.95%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Inadequate experience of physicians is the main cause of misdiagnosis of pneumoconiosis or silicotuberculosis. To reduce misdiagnosis of the disease, measures should be taken to enhance the training and evaluation of knowledge and skills of diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pneumoconiosis among physicians.</p>

Analysis of qualifications of medical and health institutions and certified doctors for providing occupational disease diagnosis in China / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the qualifications and current situations of the medical and health institutions and certified doctors for providing occupational disease diagnosis in China and to provide a reference for developing relevant policies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Work reports and questionnaires survey were used to investigate the qualifications of all medical and health institutions and certified doctors for providing occupational disease diagnosis in China and their acceptance and diagnosis of occupational disease cases from 2006 to 2010. The rate for the work reports was 100%, and the response rate for the questionnaires was 71.0%.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By the end of 2010, in the 31 provincial-level regions (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) in China, there had been 503 medical and health institutions which were qualified for providing occupational disease diagnosis, including 207 centers for disease control and prevention, accounting for 41.2%, 145 general hospitals, accounting for 28.8%, 69 enterprise-owned hospitals, accounting for 13.7%, and 64 institutes or centers for occupational disease prevention and control, accounting for 12.7%; 4986 certified doctors got the qualification for providing occupational disease diagnosis, with 9.4 certified doctors on average in each institution, and there was 0.65 certified doctor per 100 000 employees. In addition, 16.5% of the institutions got all the qualifications for diagnosing 9 occupational diseases, and 17.1% of the institutions got the qualification for diagnosing one occupational disease. Each certified doctor accepted diagnosis of 16.8 cases of occupational diseases on average every year.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A national occupational disease diagnosis network has been established in China, but the imbalance in regional distribution and specialty programs still exists among the qualified medical and health institutions and certified doctors. It is essential to further strengthen the development of regional qualified medical and health institutions and training of qualified doctors.</p>

Review of occupational hazard census and large-scale surveys in sixty years in China / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare and analyze the all previous censuses and large-scale surveys on occupational hazard in China, draw lessons from the past, and try to provide references for the development of census or surveys on the occupational hazard in the new period.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A literature retrieval had been performed mainly on the occupational hazard census and large-scale surveys since the founding of People's Republic of China. Only the survey items carried on a national scale were selected. Some keywords were drawn from these items such as survey time, survey scope, industries, occupational diseases and the rate of examination, organization and technical director, methods and so on. The outcomes and experiences were summarized.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Since the founding of People's Republic of China, there were seven occupational hazard census and large-scale surveys carried in China, three of them were about silicosis or pneumoconiosis, two of them were about poison and carcinogens, one was about noise, another one was about the township industrial enterprises.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Leadership attention was the fundamental guarantee of the success of the survey, sound occupational health management organizations were the base, collaborative relationship with each other was an import factor, and only the interdisciplinary team, scientific design, quality control and incentive mechanism could assure the quality of the survey. The survey should be designed and carried out according to industries.</p>

A pooling analysis of occupational sharp injury on clinical nurses in China / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the occupational sharp injury incidence and the diversity of the injury and the preventive control methods between the different levels of hospitals and the different areas of hospitals among nurses in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>An electronic search of relevant online databases was undertaken. Twenty six retrospective investigation reports were identified from 209 reports based on the filter standards after a systematic review of them. The data were pooled for analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>19 171 clinical nurses recalled the sharp injuries in the past year which came from 229 hospitals in 23 cities in China. 81.37% had sustained at least one sharp injury. The polled average number of episodes of occupational sharp injuries and needle stick and contaminated needle stick were 8.68, 4.17 and 2.68 episode per person per year before 2004 and fell to 3.42, 2.54 and 1.58 episode per person per year after 2005, respectively. The needle stick injuries and broken glass injuries accounted for 54.31% and 38.31%, respectively. The needle stick injuries mainly occurred in collecting or sorting of used sharps instrument (24.90%), withdrawing needle or separating it from container (22.62%), during use of the item such as inserting needle or draw a blood sample or puncturing or inject drug (21.01%), recapping used needles (15.62%). 9.42% of the episodes were reported, 19.22% of the nurses wore gloves while doing procedures on patients, 40.66% of the nurses accepted work safety training and 66.67% of them were immunized with Hepatitis B vaccine.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The sharp injuries are correlated with work load, the making and implementation of the rules, the levels and districts of the hospitals. The prevention control methods on sharp injury should be strengthened and the key point is to issue and publicize the guideline of prevention and control for occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogen.</p>

Characterization of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents in China between 1989 and 2003 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze severe acute occupational poisoning accidents reported in China between 1989 and 2003, and to study the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents and provide scientific evidences for prevention and control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data from the national occupational poisoning case reporting system were analyzed with descriptive methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There were 506 acute severe occupational poisoning accidents for 15 years with 4 657 workers poisoned. The total poisoning rate was 54.8%, and the total mortality was 16.5%. The average poisoning age was (31.9 +/- 9.8) years old and the average death age was (33.7 +/- 10.3) years old. The poisoning accidents occurred more in men than in women. (2) There were more than 112 chemicals which caused these poisoning accidents. Most of the accidents caused by hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, benzene and homologs, metal and metalloid and carbon dioxide, and the types of chemicals varied in different types of industries. (3) The accidents mainly occurred in chemical industry, manufacture, water disposal industry, mining and construction industry, and the risk was higher in some jobs than others, such as cleanout, machine maintenance and repair, production, mine and digging. The accidents occurred more frequently from April to August each year.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>(1) The control over the severe acute occupational poisoning is urgent. (2) The trend of the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents is centralized in the high risk industries, poisons and jobs. (3) The characteristics of the accidents varied in different types of industries. (4) It is the key point to strengthen the supervision on poisoning.</p>

Characterization of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to asphyxiating gases in China between 1989 and 2003 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to asphyxiating gases reported in China between 1989 and 2003, and to study the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents and provide scientific evidences for prevention and control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data from the national occupational poisoning case reporting system were analyzed with descriptive methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There were 273 severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to asphyxiating gases for 15 years with 1638 workers poisoned and 600 workers died, which accounted for 53.95% in total accidents and 35.17% of workers poisoned and 78.64% of workers died of all severe acute occupational poisoning accidents. The average poisoning age was (33.8 +/- 9.7) years old and the average death age was (36.6 +/- 10.0) years old. (2) Most of the accidents were caused by hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide respectively, and mainly occurred in chemical industry, mining, water disposal industry, paper making industry and brewing industry. The risk was higher in some jobs than others, such as cleanout, machine maintenance and repair, production, mine and digging. The poisoning accidents occurred more frequently from April to September each year and occurred in the confined space, in the basement and the mine, and workers died of poisoning mostly were men.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>(1) The severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to asphyxiating gases are more dangerous than others. (2) The control of poisoning accidents related to hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, which occurred easily in the confined space, should be paid more attention to, and good work practice should be developed on some posts, such as digging, cleanout, dredge, machine maintenance and repair and mine.</p>

Characterization of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to irritating gases in China between 1989 and 2003 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to irritating gases reported in China between 1989 and 2003, and to study the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents and provide scientific evidences for prevention and control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data from the national occupational poisoning case reporting system were analyzed with descriptive methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There were 92 severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to asphyxiating gases during 15 years, which showed that there were 14.5 accidents occurred each year. Forty types of chemicals were reported to cause poisoning accidents directly. On average, there were 14.5 persons poisoned and 0.8 persons died of poisoning in each event. The number of death of poisoning reached 7 in most of the severe accidents. Chlorine was the main irritating gas resulting in poisoning accidents according to the number of accidents, cases and death.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>(1) The severe acute occupational poisoning related to irritating gases are more dangerous than others because of it is involved in more cases in each accident. (2) The accidents have concentricity in the certain types of chemicals, industries and jobs, and should be focused on control. (3) It is important to develop the program about early warning and forecast and the first aid.</p>

Characterization of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to organic solvents in China between 1989 and 2003 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to organic solvents reported in China between 1989 and 2003, and to study the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents and provide scientific evidences for prevention and control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data from the national occupational poisoning case reporting system were analyzed with descriptive methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There were 58 severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to organic solvents for 15 years with 393 workers poisoned and 48 workers died. The total poisoning rate was 51.2%, and the total mortality was 12.2%. The average poisoning age was (30.9 +/- 8.8) years old and the average death age was (30.6 +/- 12.0) years old. (2) There were 11 types of chemicals that caused these poisoning accidents, and most of the accidents were caused by benzene and homologs. (3) Most of the accidents occurred in manufacture, chemical industry, construction industry, transportation and storage industry, service and commerce. The risk was higher in some jobs than in others, such as paint spraying and cleanout. The poisoning accidents occurred more frequently from April to July each year. (4) The main causes of the accidents were poor ventilation (23.6%), lack of personal protection equipment (21.2%), lack of safety education (19.2%), and lack of safety work practice (15.8%) etc.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The ventilation at the workplace involved in organic solvents should be maintained and the skin contacting directly with the organic solvents should be avoided, and it is encouraged to replace the poison with the nontoxic or lower toxic chemicals.</p>

Characterization of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to metal and metalloid in China between 1989 and 2003 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the characteristics of severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to metal and metalloid and provide scientific evidences for prevention and control strategies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data from the national occupational poisoning case reporting system were analyzed with descriptive methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There were 39 severe acute occupational poisoning accidents related to metal and metalloid for 15 years, which showed that there were 2.6 accidents occurred each year. Thirteen chemicals were reported to cause poisoning directly with 609 workers poisoned and 32 workers died. On average, there were 15.6 workers poisoned and 0.8 workers died of poisoning in each accident. The total poisoning rate was 52.9%, and the total mortality was 5.3%. The average poisoning age was (29.2 +/- 9.08) years old and the average death age was (32.3 +/- 9.9) years old. (2) The number of accidents related to metal and metalloid had been rising since 1997, and 43.6% of the accidents were caused by hydrogen arsenide. (3) The accidents mainly occurred in manufacture and chemical industry and easily occurred in some jobs, such as cleanout and porterage. (4) The main causes of the accidents were poor ventilation (22.5%), lack of personal protection equipment (19.8%), lack of safety education (19.8%), and lack of safety work practice (15.3%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>(1) The accidents related to hydrogen arsenide and arsenide should be highly emphasized. (2) It is important to strengthen the safety education and personal protection.</p>