Acute and chronic glycemic effects of aerobic training in patients with type 2 diabetes / Efeitos glicêmicos agudos e crônicos do treinamento aeróbio em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2

The aim of the present study was to analyze acute glycemic effects in different moments of an aerobic training, as well as to analyze the chronic effect of training, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The participants performed 16 weeks of interval aerobic training with three weekly sessions. The main part of each session consisted of nine blocks of five minutes, in which four minutes consist-ed of stimulus between 85% and 95% of the anaerobic threshold heart rate (ATHR) and one minute consisted of recovery below 85% of the ATHR, totalizing 45 minutes. Capillary glucose was assessed before, immediately after and 30 minutes after the first and the last training sessions. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed before and after the intervention. Paired t-test and Generalized Estimating Equations were performed for the analyses; α = 5%. The participants were seven individ-uals (four women) aged 59.60 ± 6.69 years. In the first session, glucose values immediately after and 30 minutes after exercise were lower than pre-exercise values. On the other hand, in the last training session, only the glucose values immediately after exercise were lower than pre-exercise values. Ana-lyzing the glycemic reductions, the first session presented a greater reduction immediately after (p = 0.042) and 30 minutes after exercise (p = 0.010). Regarding chronic glycemic effects, an increase (p = 0.010) in HbA1c levels was observed after training. It is concluded that, after 16 weeks of training without progression of duration and intensity, the exercise loses its acute glycemic effect, and may be even insufficient to reduce HbA1c levels

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos glicêmicos agudos em diferentes momentos de um treinamento aeróbio, bem como o efeito glicêmico crônico deste treinamento, em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). Os participantes realizaram16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio intervalado, com três sessões semanais, sendo a parte principal de cada sessão composta de nove blocos de cinco minutos, tendo cada bloco quatro minutos de estímulo a 85% a 90% da frequência cardíaca referente ao limiar anaeróbio (FCLAN) e um minuto de recu-peração abaixo de 85% da FCLAN, totalizando 45 minutos. A glicemia capilar foi avaliada antes, imediata-mente e 30 minutos após a primeira e a última sessão de treinamento. A hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) foi avaliada antes e após a intervenção. Teste t pareado e Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas foram usados para as análises; α = 5%. Participaram sete indivíduos (59,60 ± 6,69 anos; quatro mulheres). Na primeira sessão, os valores glicêmicos imediatamente e 30 minutos após o exercício foram menores que os valores pré--exercício. Já na última sessão de treinamento, somente os valores glicêmicos imediatamente após o exercício foram menores que os valores pré-exercício. Analisando as reduções glicêmicas, a primeira sessão apresentou maior redução tanto imediatamente após (p = 0,042) como 30 minutos após o exercício (p = 0,027). Em relação ao efeito glicêmico crônico, observou-se aumento (p = 0,010) dos níveis de HbA1c após o treinamento. Conclui-se que após 16 semanas de treinamento sem progressão de duração e intensidade, o exercício perde efeito glicêmico agudo, podendo inclusive ser ineficiente na redução dos níveis de HbA1c

Hydrolyzed collagen interferes with in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of sunscreens

ABSTRACT The chronological skin aging is a progressive and natural process with genetic and physiological changes. However, ultraviolet (UV) radiation may accelerate the oxidative stress, generating carcinogenesis and photoaging. Natural compounds and their applications are considered a trend in the cosmetic market. The protein-based film-forming compounds play an important role, once it collaborates for the better distribution of sunscreens on the skin. Here we investigated the in vitro photoprotective effectiveness of sunscreens containing the hydrolyzed collagen associated with UVA, UVB and/or inorganic filters. Sunscreens were developed with octocrylene (7.5%), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) (3.0%) and/or titanium dioxide (5.0%), associated or not with the hydrolyzed collagen (3.0%). In vitro photoprotective effectiveness was determined in a Labsphere(r) UV2000S by the establishment of the sun protection factor (SPF) and critical wavelength (nm) values. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics were also assayed. The hydrolyzed collagen subjectively improved the formulation sensory characteristics. However, this bioactive compound led to a decrease of the SPF values of the photoprotective formulations containing octocrylene alone and octocrylene + butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane + TiO2. This inadequate interaction may be considered during the development of new sunscreens intended to contain protein-based components.