A comparative study on numerical simulation of the normal nasal airflow during periodic breathing and steady-state breathing / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the characteristics of normal nasal airflow during periodic breathing and steady-state breathing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fluent software was used to simulate the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus structures following CT scanning of a normal adult subject. Air flow velocity, pressure, distribution and streamlines were calculated and compared during periodic breathing and steady-state breathing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The same flux, the performance of nasal airflow on 15.600 s of periodic breathing and steady-state expiratory (entrance flow was 697.25 ml/s) were as follows: air flow in the common and middle meatus accounted for more than 50% and 30% of total nasal cavity flow during two respiratory status. Flow velocity and pressure of nasal cavity and each paranasal sinus were extremely similar. The flow trace during two respiratory status in the inferior and lower part of the common meatus were predominately straight in form.Flow were parabolic in the middle and superior meatus and the middle and upper parts of the common meatus. The flow trace of nasal airflow on 16.495 s of periodic breathing had wide areas vortex in nasopharynx and limen nasi, the average speed was 0.0706 m/s, while the entrance flow 7.62 ml/s stable state of the left nasal expiratory, the average speed was 0.0415 m/s, the flow trace was similar to 697.25 ml/s.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The same flow, except in the junction of the respiratory cycle, the performance of normal nasal airflow during periodic breathing and steady-state breathing were similar.</p>

Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic delayed cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the etiological factor, diagnostic localization and treatment of delayed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The medical records of 79 patients who had undergone endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea between 2000 and 2008 were reviewed. Thirteen patients with CSF leaks occurred 3 months after head trauma. All 13 patients with delayed CSF leak were retrospectively evaluated with CT or MRI and surgically treated. The operative findings were compared with the results of CT or MRI to estimate the diagnostic value of imaging technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Bony defects had been found on CT scanning in all 13 patients. Neural tissue herniation into the nasal sinuses was found in 11 patients during the surgery. The sizes of the leak ranged from 0.1 cm x 0.2 cm to 1.2 cm x 1.5 cm. Reconstruction of the skull base was done through endoscopic approach. No complications were found. Thirteen patients were followed up from 12 - 36 months, and none was recurrence.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Herniation of mucosal tissue into the nasal sinuses after skull base defects could result in delayed CSF leak. CT and MRI can clearly show the skull base defects and neural tissue herniation. Endoscopic closure of CSF leaks was both safe and effective.</p>

Investigation of intranasal bacteriological character and pH value in patients with chronic rhinitis treated by Budesonide aqueous nasal spray / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the bacteriological character and pH value in nasal cavity and observe the efficacy following 8 week treatment with Budesonide aqueous nasal spray in chronic nonallergic rhinitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-two patients with chronic nonallergic rhinitis were treated with Budesonide aqueous nasal spray (256 microg once daily intranasal) for 8 weeks. Bacteriological character was measured before and 8 weeks after treatment All the swab specimens were obtained from the inferior meatus, bacteriologic outcome was determined by general cultures. Nasal pH value was measured by using a probe sited under the inferior turbinate before and after treatment. Efficacy was evaluated by measurement of nasal symptom scores and sign scores before and 8 weeks after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The bacterial growth was present in 37 of 42 cases (88%) before the treatment (group 1), including 53 aerobic bacteria. The bacterial growth was present in 38 of 42 cases (90.47%) 8 weeks after treatment (group 2), including 46 aerobic bacteria. There was no significant difference in the bacterial distribution between group 1 and group 2 (chi2 = 0.416, P > 0.05). Budesonide aqueous nasal spray reduced pH value from 7.90 +/- 0.39 to 7.70 +/- 0.23 (t = 2.72, P < 0.05). All the parameters of symptoms were improved after treatment, including nasal obstruction, nasal secretions, itchy feeling of the nose, closed rhinolalia and headache.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Glucocorticoid aqueous nasal spray could be used safely for eight weeks and does not increase the risk of aerobes and fungi infection and reduce the pH in chronic nonallergic rhinitis. It is effective in relieving symptoms of patients with chronic nonallergic rhinitis.</p>