Analysis of Obesity Intervention Programs in Adolescents: Focused on Endothelium Functions

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the current status of obesity intervention programs, and its effects on endothelium function in adolescents. METHOD: This was a descriptive research study, that investigated domestic and international literature 2009–2018. Using databases inside and outside of Korea to search for ‘adolescent’, ‘obese adolescent’, ‘exercise’, ‘program’, or ‘intervention’, and ‘endothelium function’, a total of 14 literature have been selected for 6 domestic research and 8 international research, excluding overlapping, case studies, literature reviews, and unrelated studies. RESULTS: Interventions for enhancing endothelium function were exercise program, diet, vitamin D3 treatment, and Orlistat intake relative to international research, and combined exercise and purple sweet potato intake, in most domestic research. Dependent variables included FMD, RHI, NMD, EPCs, and EMPs, for measuring endothelium function in international research, and PWV, FMD and RHI, in domestic research. CONCLUSION: Results of this study confirmed that application of obese intervention programs, may improve endothelium function in adolescents. Further studies are required, to develop nursing intervention, that would enhance endothelium function in adolescents.

Clinical Application of Circulating Tumor Cells in Gastric Cancer

Early detection and accurate monitoring of cancer is important for improving clinical outcomes. Endoscopic biopsy and/or surgical resection specimens are the gold standard for diagnosing gastric cancer and are also useful for selecting therapeutic strategies based on the analysis of genomic/immune parameters. However, these approaches cannot be easily performed because of their invasiveness and because these specimens do not always reflect tumor dynamics and drug sensitivities during therapeutic processes, especially chemotherapy. Accordingly, many researchers have tried to develop noninvasive novel biomarkers that can monitor real-time tumor dynamics for early diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and prediction of recurrence and therapeutic efficacy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are metastatic cells that are released from the primary tumors into the blood stream and comprise a crucial step in hematogenous metastasis. CTCs, as a liquid biopsy, have received a considerable amount of attention from researchers since they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, avoiding the invasiveness associated with traditional biopsy techniques; they can also be used to derive clinical information for monitoring disease status. In this review, with respect to CTCs, we summarize the metastatic cascade, detection methods, clinical applications, and prospects for patients with gastric cancer.

Continuous Infusion versus Intermittent Dosing with Pantoprazole for Gastric Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proton pump inhibitors are widely used to prevent gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)-related bleeding, but no standard administration regimens have been established. We aimed to prospectively compare the effects of continuous infusion and intermittent dosing with pantoprazole on preventing gastric ESD-related bleeding. Additionally, we analyzed the risk factors for bleeding. METHODS: From April 2012 to May 2013, patients with a gastric epithelial neoplasm scheduled for ESD in the Pusan National University Hospital were randomly assigned to one of two groups according to the pantoprazole administration regimen (continuous infusion or intermittent dosing). The primary outcomes measured were intra- and postprocedural bleeding events. RESULTS: The final analysis included 401 patients. The rate of significant intraprocedural bleeding was 25.4% in the C group and 24.0% in the I group, with no significant difference (p=0.419). In addition, there was no significant difference in the postprocedural bleeding rate between the C and I groups (11.7% vs 10.2%, p=0.374). Multivariate analysis showed that intraprocedural bleeding was associated with the proximal tumor location, the presence of fibrosis, and the size of the resected specimen, whereas postprocedural bleeding was associated with the size of the resected specimen and the procedure/coagulation time. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent dosing with pantoprazole is sufficient and cost-effective for the prevention of gastric ESD-related bleeding. Operators should consider tumor characteristics when planning ESD to minimize the risk of intraprocedural bleeding, and patients with large iatrogenic ulcers should be carefully monitored for postprocedural bleeding.

Case of Bleeding Ileal Varices after a Colectomy Diagnosed by Capsule Endoscopy / 대한소화기학회지

We report a case of bleeding ileal varices associated with intra-abdominal adhesions after colectomy which was successfully diagnosed using capsule endoscopy. A 77-year-old woman visited the emergency department for several episodes of melena. She had a medical history of neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy and subsequent surgery for rectal cancer 6 years previously. Conventional diagnostic examinations including upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, and abdominal computed tomography could not detect any bleeding focus, however, following capsule endoscopy revealed venous dilatations with some fresh blood in the distal ileum, indicating bleeding ileal varices. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and the affected ileum was successfully resected. No further gastrointestinal bleeding occurred during the 6 months follow-up. Small intestinal varices are important differential for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding especially in patients with a history of abdominal surgery in the absence of liver cirrhosis, and capsule endoscopy can be a good option for diagnosing small intestinal varices.

Analysis of computed tomographic findings according to gastroesophageal flap valve grade

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The gastroesophageal junction is an important barrier against gastroesophageal ref lux. Endoscopic grading of gastroesophageal f lap valve is simple, reproducible, and may predict reflux activity. We investigated the correlation between gastroesophageal flap valve grade and the gastroesophageal junction’s structural properties using abdominal computed tomography. METHODS: A total of 138 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent both pre-treatment esophagogastroduodenoscopy and water-distended stomach two-phase computed tomography were enrolled. Endoscopic gastroesophageal f lap valve grade and abdominal computed tomography findings were analyzed to assess anatomical factors including the gastroesophageal junction and related organs. RESULTS: The angle of His increased significantly with gastroesophageal flap valve grade (grade I, 65.2˚± 19.6˚; grade II, 66.6˚± 19.8˚; grade III, 76.7˚± 11.9˚; grade IV, 120.0˚± 30.3˚; p < 0.001), as did the size of the diaphragmatic hiatus (grade I, 213.0 ± 53.8 mm2 ; grade II, 232.6 ± 71.0 mm2 ; grade III, 292.3 ± 99.2 mm2 ; grade IV, 584.4 ± 268.3; p < 0.001). The length of the abdominal esophagus decreased as gastroesophageal flap valve grade increased (grade I, 34.6 ± 5.8 mm; grade II, 32.0 ± 6.5 mm; grade III, 24.6 ± 7.8 mm; grade IV, –22.6 ± 38.2 mm; p < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between gastroesophageal flap valve grade and visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (p = 0.877 and p = 0.508, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic grading of the gastroesophageal flap valve is well correlated with anatomical changes around the gastroesophageal junction on abdominal computed tomography, and it can provide useful information about the anti-reflux barrier.

A Rare Case of Early Gastric Cancer Combined with Underlying Heterotopic Pancreas

Heterotopic pancreas in the stomach is usually asymptomatic and benign. Here, we presented a rare case of an early gastric cancer overlying a heterotopic pancreas. A 48-year-old woman underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which revealed a subepithelial mass measuring 2.0×1.5 cm on the gastric antrum with a 1-cm erosive erythematous discoloration on the surface. A biopsy specimen showed moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Endosonography showed a heterogeneous hypoechoic mass measuring 1.3×0.6 cm, with indistinct margins in the second and third layers of the gastric wall; anechoic tubular structures within the mass were suggestive of heterotopic pancreas. Distal gastrectomy was performed, which confirmed an early gastric cancer confined to the mucosa, and a separate underlying heterotopic pancreas. Although heterotopic pancreas is most likely benign, careful endoscopic observation of the mucosal surface is necessary to avoid overlooking a coincident early gastric cancer.

Clinical Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Gastric Cancer

Cancer specimens obtained via surgical resection or biopsy are generally used to understand tumor-associated alterations; however, those approaches cannot always be performed because of their invasive nature, and they may fail to reflect current tumor dynamics and drug sensitivity, which may change during the therapeutic process. Therefore, many research groups have focused on developing a non-invasive biomarker with the ability to monitor tumor dynamics. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are metastatic cells released from the primary tumor into the bloodstream. Hematogenous spreading of CTCs is a crucial step in the metastatic cascade, which leads to the formation of overt metastases. CTCs have attracted considerable attention because of their easy accessibility and their superiority over conventional tumor markers. Detecting CTCs is considered a valuable modality to determine prognosis and monitor response to systemic therapies in patients with gastric cancer. Moreover, molecular analyses of CTCs may provide important biological information for individual patients with cancer, which may lead to the development of personalized cancer treatment. In this article, we review potential roles and clinical applications of CTCs in patients with gastric cancer.

First-line Helicobacter pylori Eradication with Standard Triple Therapy and Concomitant Therapy: A Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori with standard triple therapy as a first-line treatment has decreased to 70~85%. Recently, concomitant therapy has been reported to overcome this decrease in eradication rate to some degree. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the efficacy of 7-day concomitant therapy with that of 7-day standard triple therapy as a first-line treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2013 and February 2017, the medical records of 261 patients who received 7-day standard triple therapy or 7-day concomitant therapy as a first-line H. pylori eradication therapy were retrospectively evaluated. Successful eradication was confirmed using the 13C-urea breath test 6 to 8 weeks after the end of the eradication therapy. RESULTS: This study included 261 patients, 140 patients in the standard triple therapy group and 121 in the concomitant therapy group. The H. pylori eradication rate by intention-to-treat analysis was 60.0% in the standard triple therapy group and 81.0% in the concomitant therapy group (P<0.001). In the per-protocol analysis, the H. pylori eradication rates in the standard triple therapy and concomitant therapy groups were 69.4% and 88.3%, respectively (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant therapy was more effective as a first-line H. pylori eradication therapy than the standard triple therapy.

Clinical Significance of Extraluminal Compressions according to the Site of the Esophagus

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Differentiation of an extraluminal compression from a true subepithelial tumor (SET) in the esophagus by using endoscopy alone is often difficult. EUS is known as the best method for differentiating an extraluminal compression from a true SET. Extraluminal compression in the esophagus is occasionally observed, but its clinical significance has been rarely reported. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of extraluminal compression in the esophagus according to the location of the lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients were diagnosed as having an extraluminal compression in the esophagus by using EUS between January 2006 and March 2014. Some patients underwent chest computed tomography for accurate diagnosis. RESULTS: The extraluminal compression was located at the mid-esophagus in 26 cases, lower esophagus in 22 cases, and upper esophagus in 13 cases. Of the 61 cases, 55 were caused by normal structures and 6 were caused by pathological lesions. The causes of the normal structures were the aorta, vertebra, trachea, left main bronchus, azygos vein, and diaphragm. The causes of the pathological lesions were engorged vessels and calcified lymph nodes. The posterior wall was the most frequent location of the extraluminal compression. However, the lesions in the anterior and right walls showed a higher frequency of pathological lesions than those in other sites. CONCLUSIONS: If the extraluminal compression is found in the anterior and right walls of the esophagus, more careful evaluation should be performed considering the high frequency of pathological lesions in the site.

Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer for Preclinical Studies / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs) can provide more reliable information about tumor biology than cell line models. We developed PDXs for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) that have histopathologic and genetic similarities to the primary patient tissues and evaluated their potential for use as a platform for translational EOC research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We successfully established PDXs by subrenal capsule implantation of primary EOC tissues into female BALB/C-nude mice. The rate of successful PDX engraftment was 48.8% (22/45 cases). Hematoxylin and eosin staining and short tandem repeat analysis showed histopathological and genetic similarity between the PDX and primary patient tissues. RESULTS: Patients whose tumors were successfully engrafted in mice had significantly inferior overall survival when compared with those whose tumors failed to engraft (p=0.040). In preclinical tests of this model, we found that paclitaxel-carboplatin combination chemotherapy significantly deceased tumor weight in PDXs compared with the control treatment (p=0.013). Moreover, erlotinib treatment significantly decreased tumor weight in epidermal growth factor receptor–overexpressing PDX with clear cell histology (p=0.023). CONCLUSION: PDXs for EOC with histopathological and genetic stability can be efficiently developed by subrenal capsule implantation and have the potential to provide a promising platform for future translational research and precision medicine for EOC.

Can Nocturnal Acid-breakthrough Be Reduced by Long-acting Proton Pump Inhibitors?

No abstract available.

Proton Pump Inhibition Enhances the Cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in Cervical Cancer / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate whether a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) could enhance chemosensitivity via the inhibition of vacuolar-type H⁺ ATPase (V-ATPase) in cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of V-ATPase was evaluated in 351 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human cervical cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry and compared with clinicopathologic risk factors for disease prognosis. The influence of cell proliferation and apoptosis following V-ATPase siRNA transfection or esomeprazole pretreatment was assessed in cervical cancer cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that V-ATPase was expressed in about 60% of cervical cancer tissue samples (211/351), and the expression was predominantly found in adenocarcinoma histology (p=0.016). Among patients with initially bulky cervical cancer (n=89), those with V-ATPase expression had shorter disease-free survival (p=0.005) and overall survival (p=0.023). Co-treatment with V-ATPase siRNA or esomeprazole with paclitaxel significantly decreased the cell proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines, including HeLa and INT407, compared to cell lines treated with paclitaxel alone (p < 0.01). Moreover, V-ATPase siRNA or esomeprazole followed by paclitaxel significantly increased the expression of active caspase-3 in these cells compared to cells treated with paclitaxel alone (both, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: V-ATPase was predominantly expressed in cervical adenocarcinoma, and the expression of V-ATPases was associated with poor prognosis. The inhibition of V-ATPase via siRNA or PPI (esomeprazole) might enhance the chemosensitivity of paclitaxel in cervical cancer cells.

Second-Look Endoscopy after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Can We Obtain Valuable Information?

No abstract available.

Magnifying Endoscopy with Narrow Band Imaging of Early Gastric Cancer: Correlation with Histopathology and Mucin Phenotype

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME-NBI) is a useful modality for the detailed visualization of microsurface (MS) and microvascular (MV) structures in the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine whether the MS and MV patterns in ME-NBI differ according to the histologic type, invasion depth, and mucin phenotype of early gastric cancers (EGCs). METHODS: The MS and MV patterns of 160 lesions in 160 patients with EGC who underwent ME-NBI before endoscopic or surgical resection were prospectively collected and analyzed. EGCs were categorized as either differentiated or undifferentiated and as either mucosal or submucosal, and their mucin phenotypes were determined via immunohistochemistry of the tumor specimens. RESULTS: Differentiated tumors mainly displayed an oval and/or tubular MS pattern and a fine network or loop MV pattern, whereas undifferentiated tumors mainly displayed an absent MS pattern and a corkscrew MV pattern. The destructive MS pattern was associated with submucosal invasion, and this association was more prominent in the differentiated tumors than in the undifferentiated tumors. MUC5AC expression was increased in lesions with either a papillary or absent MS pattern and a corkscrew MV pattern, whereas MUC6 expression was increased in lesions with a papillary MS pattern and a loop MV pattern. CD10 expression was more frequent in lesions with a fine network MV pattern. CONCLUSIONS: ME-NBI can be useful for predicting the histopathology and mucin phenotype of EGCs.

Endoscopic Management of Dieulafoy's Lesion

A Dieulafoy's lesion is a vascular abnormality consisting of a large caliber-persistent tortuous submucosal artery. A small mucosal defect with the eruption of this protruding vessel can cause bleeding. In fact, a Dieulafoy's lesion is a relatively rare but potentially life-threatening condition. It accounts for 1% to 2% of cases of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Although there is no consensus on the treatment of Dieulafoy's lesions; treatment options depend on the mode of presentation, site of the lesion, and available expertise. Endoscopic therapy is usually successful in achieving primary hemostasis, with hemostasis success rates reaching 75% to 100%. Although various therapeutic endoscopic methods are used to control bleeding in Dieulafoy's lesions, the best method for endoscopic intervention is not clear. Combination endoscopic therapy is known to be superior to monotherapy because of a lower rate of recurrent bleeding. In addition, mechanical therapies including hemostatic clipping and endoscopic band ligation are more effective and successful in controlling bleeding than other endoscopic methods. Advances in endoscopic techniques have reduced mortality in patients with Dieulafoy's lesion-from 80% to 8%-and consequently, the need for surgical intervention has been reduced. Currently, surgical intervention is used for cases that fail therapeutic endoscopic or angiographic interventions.

Treatment Outcome for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma according to Helicobacter pylori Infection Status: A Single-Center Experience

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy has been used as a first-line treatment for H. pylori-positive gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. However, the management strategy for H. pylori-negative MALT lymphoma remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the success rate of each treatment option for H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative gastric MALT lymphomas. METHODS: In total, 57 patients with gastric MALT lymphoma diagnosed between December 2000 and June 2012 were enrolled in the study. The treatment responses were compared between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative gastric MALT lymphomas. RESULTS: Of the 57 patients, 43 (75%) had H. pylori infection. Forty-eight patients received H. pylori eradication as a first-line treatment, and complete remission was achieved in 31 of the 39 patients (80%) with H. pylori-positive MALT lymphoma and in five (56%) of the nine patients with H. pylori-negative MALT lymphoma; no significant difference was observed between the groups (p=0.135). The other treatment modalities, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, were effective irrespective of H. pylori infection status, with no significant difference in the treatment response between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative MALT lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori eradication therapy may be considered as a first-line treatment regardless of H. pylori infection status.

Does Standard Triple Therapy Still Have a Role in First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Korea?

No abstract available.

A Single Institution's Experience of Infundibulotomy in Patients Taking Antiplatelet Agents: Outcomes, Safety and Complications / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The diagnostic and therapeutic utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been well demonstrated for biliary and pancreatic diseases. Biliary access can be allowed by infundibulotomy if failed by using the standard cannulation methods. However, no data are available regarding ERCP-related complications in patients taking antiplatelet agents who are undergoing infundibulotomy. Therefore, we aimed to assess the frequency of ERCP-related complications after infundibulotomy in patients taking antiplatelet agents. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study, and enrolled 835 patients who underwent ERCP at Pusan National University Hospital from January 2011 to December 2012. Seventy-two patients had been taking antiplatelet agents prior to the procedure. Patients were classified into two groups according to the utilization of infundibulotomy: 20 patients underwent infundibulotomy (group 1), and 52 patients did not undergo infundibulotomy (group 2). Complications after ERCP were defined as bleeding, post-ERCP pancreatitis, and perforation according to Cotton's criteria. RESULTS: Between group 1 and 2, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. ERCP was successfully performed in all cases. Clinically significant bleeding was observed in one patient in group 1 (5%, 1/20) versus none in group 2. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was observed in 2 patients (10.0%, 2/20) in group 1, and 7 patients (13.5%, 7/52) in group 2 (p=0.691). However, none of these differences were statistically significant. No perforation occurred in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the low incidence of bleeding after infundibulotomy in patients taking antiplatelet agents, infundibulotomy may be safely performed in this group of patients.

Clinical Predictors for Response to Proton Pump Inhibitor Treatment in Patients With Globus

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Globus is a persistent or intermittent non-painful sensation of a lump or foreign body in the throat. Given the benign nature of the condition and the association of gastroesophageal reflux disease, empirical therapy with proton pump inhibitor seems reasonable for patients with typical globus. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical predictors for symptom response to short-term proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with globus symptom. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with globus symptom were enrolled prospectively. All patients were treated with pantoprazole 40 mg daily for 4 weeks. Treatment response was defined as a > 50% reduction in symptom scores between symptom assessments. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis between responders and non-responders was performed to identify variables predicting response to pantoprazole treatment. RESULTS: Of the 54 consecutive patients considered, 13 were excluded on the basis of exclusion criteria and/or refusal to participate in the study. Finally, 41 patients were included in this study. After 4-week pantoprazole treatment, 22 patients (53.7%) were classified as responders. On multivariate analysis, the presence of reflux symptom was associated with a higher response rate to 4-week pantoprazole treatment (OR, 68.56; P = 0.043), and long symptom duration (> or = 3 months) were associated with a lower response rate to pantoprazole treatment (OR, 0.03; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of reflux symptom and short symptom duration were independent predictors of responsiveness to 4-week pantoprazole treatment in patients with globus.

Two Cases of Descending Aortic Dissection with Compromised Visceral Artery, Renal Artery, and Iliac Artery Treated with Percutaneous Stent Insertions / 대한내과학회지

The involved area is an important guide to the treatment of an acute aortic dissection. Generally, a Stanford type A aortic dissection requires surgery, whereas an uncomplicated Stanford type B aortic dissection is managed medically. However, managing a Stanford type B aortic dissection involving the visceral, renal, or iliac arteries is controversial because surgical perioperative mortality is higher than that for medically managed patients. Some researchers have attempted endovascular treatment to reduce perioperative mortality and protect vital organs. We experienced two cases of descending aortic dissection with compromised visceral, renal, and iliac arteries that were successfully treated by percutaneous stent insertion.