Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Atorvastatin in Moderate-to-High Cardiovascular Risk Postmenopausal Korean Women with Dyslipidemia

OBJECTIVE: Postmenopausal women show a more atherogenic lipid profile and elevated cardiovascular risk compared to premenopausal women. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of high-dose atorvastatin on the improvement of the blood lipid profile of postmenopausal women in Korea.METHODS: This study is a prospective, open-label, single-arm clinical trial that was conducted in 3 teaching hospitals. Postmenopausal women with a moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk, according to guidelines from the Korean Society of Lipid & Atherosclerosis, were enrolled. Participants were administered 20 mg of atorvastatin daily for the first 8 weeks, and if the targeted low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was not achieved, the dose was increased to 40 mg for the second 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was percentage change of LDL-C from baseline after 16 weeks of drug administration.RESULTS: Forty-four women were enrolled, 28 of whom (75.6%) had diabetes mellitus. By the end of treatment period (16 weeks) all patients had achieved LDL-C target levels, with 33 (94.2%) of the participants achieving it after only 8 weeks of administration. After 16 weeks, LDL-C decreased by 45.8±16.7% (p<0.001) from the baseline, and total cholesterol (33.2±10.9%; p<0.001), triglyceride (24.2±37.5%; p=0.001), and apolipoprotein B (34.9±15.6%; p<0.001) also significantly decreased. Blood glucose and liver enzyme levels slightly increased, but none of the participants developed serious adverse events that would cause them to prematurely withdraw from the clinical trial.CONCLUSION: 20 and 40 mg atorvastatin was effective and safe for treating dyslipidemia in postmenopausal Korean women with moderate-to-high cardiovascular risk.

Neurogenic muscle hypertrophy: a case report

Muscular hypertrophy is caused mainly due to myopathic disorder. But, it is also rarely produced by neurogenic disorder. A 74-year-old woman complained of right calf pain with hypertrophy for several years. Recent lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed central and lateral canal narrowing at the L4-L5 intervertebral space. Lower extremity MRI revealed fatty change of right medial head of the gastrocnemius and soleus, causing right calf hypertrophy. Electrodiagnostic examinations including electromyography and nerve conduction velocity testing demonstrated 5(th) lumbar and 1(st) sacral polyradiculopathy. Integrating all the results, the diagnosis was neurogenic muscle hypertrophy. Neurogenic muscle hypertrophy is very rare, but we recommend that clinicians consider this problem when a patient complains of lower limb hypertrophy and pain.

Prevalence and Gender-Related Characteristics of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Community

OBJECTIVE: There are still a limited number of studies assessing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the community. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and gender-related characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Korean community. METHODS: A total of 417 community subjects (mean age was 60.7+/-13.6 years, 35.3% were men) who attended the routine check-up were analyzed. National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III clinical guideline was used to define metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 38.1% of study subjects. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not different between men and women (men 39.0% vs. women 37.5%, p=0.766). The positive association between age and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was more pronounced in women (chi2=17.52, p for trend or =50 years). The most prevalent factor of metabolic syndrome was hypertriglyceridemia (49.9%) and hypertension (47.6%) in both genders. Among metabolic syndrome components, central obesity (40.5% vs. 25.2%, p=0.002) and hypertriglyceridemia (54.5% vs. 41.8%, p=0.015) were more prevalent in women than in men, and the prevalence of other components were similar between genders. CONCLUSIONS: In the community, metabolic syndrome was highly prevalent in middle-aged and elderly Korean adult. Age related change in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was gender specific. Age and gender effects should be considered for the effective control of metabolic syndrome in the community.

Assessment of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain in Korea / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) has a significant effect on quality of life and imposes a great economical burden on society. In a number of studies, validated questionnaires had been given to CLBP patients to determine their health-associated quality of life, sleep disturbance, and psychological status. However, such outcome studies had not been performed previously in Korea. METHODS: We used self-report questionnaires to compare CLBP patients with an age- and sex-matched healthy control group. Between September 2012 and August 2013, we enrolled 47 patients who had CLBP for more than 3 months (group P) and 44 healthy age- and sex-matched controls (group C), who completed the following self-report questionnaires: 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS: The scores from the ODI, BDI, and BAI were significantly higher in group P than in group C. The SF-36 scores were significantly lower in group P than in group C, suggesting lower quality of life in group P. The incidence of depression and anxiety was significantly higher in group P than in group C. However, neither the PSQI score nor the incidence of sleep disturbance was significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CLBP showed considerable functional disability and significant impairment of psychological status with a low quality of life. Hence, it is important to evaluate CLBP patients to provide adequate psychological support.

A Successful Delivery of a Woman with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Under Close Observation and without Medications

Pregnant women with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have a high maternal mortality risk. Regardless of the PAH severity, the possibility of maternal death increases before and after childbirth. In general principle, if pregnancy happens, termination is the recommendation. Several case reports noted successful deliveries of pregnant women with PAH while using the drugs of anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, prostaglandins, and phosphodiesterase V inhibitors. However, choices of treatment are generally achieved by clinical experiences because of no established guidelines of treatments for PAH in pregnancy. We describe a case of a 31-year-old pregnant woman with mild PAH who successfully delivered a viable newborn under close observation and without any medications. In the state of no consensus of the management for PAH in pregnancy, prior to termination or empirical drug treatments, close observation without medications could be considered in mild PAH.

Determinants of Follow-up Changes of Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Korean Women

BACKGROUND: Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) correlates well with arterial distensibility and stiffness and is a useful approach for evaluating the severity of systemic arteriosclerosis in adults. In addition, measurement of brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) has been commonly reported as a simple, noninvasive, and practicable method. Arterial stiffness assessed by PWV could predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study, we investigated the association between the changes of baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women using data from follow-up evaluations. METHODS: The subjects were 626 women (age, 47.2 +/- 8.2) in whom we measured baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors at baseline and about one year later. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by baPWV and biological parameters were evaluated on the same day. We retrospectively analyzed the relationships between changes of baPWV and those other factors. All analyses were performed with SPSS ver. 20.0 and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: In correlation analysis, changes of baPWV were affected by changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis of relationship between changes of baPWV and other associated variables shows that improvement of baPWV was significantly positively associated with changes of SBP and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and worsening of baPWV was significantly negatively associated with changes of DBP, age, and SBP in sequence. CONCLUSIONS: In improvement of baPWV, decreases of SBP and HbA1c and in worsening of baPWV, increases of DBP, age, and SBP were significant factors in Korean women.

Efficacy of Vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus according to Inoculum Size in a Neutropenic Mouse Infection Model / 감염과화학요법

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important gram-positive pathogens in many clinical situations. Use of vancomycin against methicillin resistant S aureus (MRSA) has been anecdotally associated with treatment failure, which could be attributable to an inoculum effect (IE). Using a neutropenic mouse thigh infection model, we tried to evaluate the in vivo IE of vancomycin against S. aureus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty strains of S aureus were used. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Six-week-old specific-pathogen-free, female CD-1 mice weighing 23-27 grams were used. The neutropenic mice received inoculations of 5.02-5.74 log10 CFU/thigh in one thigh (low inoculum, LI), and 7.22-7.73 log10 CFU/thigh in the other thigh (high inoculum, HI) before therapy. The mice were treated with 6 hourly subcutaneous doses of vancomycin (3.125-100 mg/kg) for 24 h. Single-dose serum pharmacokinetics of vancomycin was determined. Dose-response data were analyzed by an Emax model using non-linear regression. Static doses and area under the curve (AUC)/MIC for bacteriostatic effect at each inoculum were calculated and compared. The ratio of static dose and AUC/MIC between HI and LI (IE index) provided the magnitude of IE for each organism. RESULTS: Five methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) strains and 15 MRSA strains were used. Vancomycin MICs of the 20 strains varied by 4-fold (0.5-2 mg/L). The AUC/MIC ratio was the major parameter determining the efficacy of vancomycin against S aureus . Mean (range) static dose on LI and HI was 20.7 (11.8-35.1) and 136.7 (32.1-314), respectively. The mean IE index of static dose between them was 7.39. Mean (range) of AUC/MIC on LI and HI was 27.0 (6.61-66.6) and 152.3 (46.2-344), respectively, which produced a mean IE index of AUC/MIC of 7.47. The IE indices of the MSSA strains were significantly higher than those of the MRSA strains (11.3 vs. 6.1 on static dose [P=0.018], 11.4 vs. 6.2 on AUC/MIC [P=0.034]). CONCLUSIONS: With a 100-fold inoculum increment of S aureus , at least a 7-fold dose of vancomycin would be required to show the same bacteriostatic effect. Thus, IE as well as MICs is an important parameter in selecting and adjusting a dose and dosage interval along with the resistance profile in the treatment of S. aureus infections. IE to vancomycin observed in the in vivo neutropenic mouse model was more evident for MSSA strains than for MRSA strains.

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension, But Not Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Is a Risk Factor for Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the association of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 57,009 pregnancies during 2002-2008 at Cheil General Hospital, Kwandong University. The diagnosis of VTE {deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (PE)} was based on clot visualization via ultrasound or computed tomography. RESULTS: In total, 27 cases (PE, 20 cases) were detected. The incidence of VTE was 0.47 per 1,000 pregnancies. To determine risk factors associated with pregnancy-induced VTE, univariate analysis using a chi-square test was performed. Cesarean (C)-section, multiple pregnancy, PIH, placenta previa, and assisted reproduction technique (ART) were statistically significant compared to the controls (all, p=0.000). However, age, premature rupture of membrane, and GDM were not statistically related to VTE. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios for the risk factors. Placenta previa showed a 12.6-fold higher risk, while PIH had a 9.8-fold higher risk for the occurrence of VTE. C-section and ART procedures increased the risk of VTE by 4.2 times compared to that of the controls. CONCLUSION: Placenta previa and PIH were significant risk factors for VTE, whereas the known traditional risk factors of increased age and GDM were not found to be associated with VTE.

Optimizing the dose of intrathecal morphine when combined with continuous 3-in-1 nerve block after total knee replacement / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Continuous femoral 3-in-1 block alone is insufficient for the treatment of severe pain after total knee replacement (TKR). Intrathecal (IT) morphine provides effective postoperative analgesia but may result in many side effects. The optimal dose of spinal morphine when combined with continuous 3-in-1 block after TKR is not known. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive IT morphine in five groups (n = 20 per group): 1) 0.0 mg, 2) 0.05 mg, 3) 0.1 mg, 4) 0.15 mg, and 5) 0.2 mg. All patients received continuous 3-in-1 block performed with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at the rate of 2 ml/h plus PCA boluses of 1 ml with a lockout of 10 minutes. The intensity of pain at rest and on movement of the knee was assessed by using a visual analog scale for the first two postoperative days. RESULTS: All treatment groups produced effective pain relief and decreased cumulative femoral PCA bolus use of 0.125% bupivacaine compared with control, respectively (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups. The incidence of vomiting was significantly more frequent with 0.1-0.2 mg IT morphine groups compared with control, respectively (P < 0.05). The rate of administration of antipruritic medication was increased as IT morphine dose increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Use of 0.05 mg IT morphine would appear to provide the optimal balance between pain relief and adverse effects following TKR.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics : General Concepts and Recent Advances / 감염과화학요법

Pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibiotics can be considered as the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drug. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the relationship between concentration of drug and the antimicrobial effect. Time course of antibiotic activity is a reflection of the interrelationship between PK and PD. Over the past decades, considerable data have been derived from in vitro, in vivo models and infected patients. The time course activity characteristics of concentration effect, and postantibiotic effects, determine the typical patterns of antibiotic activity according to the PD classification. Furthermore, the pattern of antibiotic activity over time is an important determinant of optimal dosage regimens. This review will focus on general concepts and the applications of PK/PD to antibiotic therapy.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics : General Concepts and Recent Advances / 감염과화학요법

Pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibiotics can be considered as the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drug. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the relationship between concentration of drug and the antimicrobial effect. Time course of antibiotic activity is a reflection of the interrelationship between PK and PD. Over the past decades, considerable data have been derived from in vitro, in vivo models and infected patients. The time course activity characteristics of concentration effect, and postantibiotic effects, determine the typical patterns of antibiotic activity according to the PD classification. Furthermore, the pattern of antibiotic activity over time is an important determinant of optimal dosage regimens. This review will focus on general concepts and the applications of PK/PD to antibiotic therapy.

Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Statin Medication, Exercise and Sauna

Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome involving the breakdown of skeletal muscle, and this causes myoglobin and other intracellular proteins and electrolytes to leak into the circulatory system. We report here on a case of rhabdomyolysis associated with statin, exercise and sauna exposure. A 63-year-old woman presented to our hospital, and she had been taking simvastatin for over 6 years due to dyslipidemia. She complained of developing myalgia and weakness of the lower extremities over the previous 5 days. She had used a sauna more than 4 hours daily for 20 years, and she had started unaccustomed exercise in the sauna 1 week prior to admission. Her serum creatine kinase concentration was 45,990 IU/L. Conservative treatment was started with the discontinuation of her statin medication, exercise and use of the sauna. Her symptoms and serum creatine kinase level decreased 1 week after admission and she was discharged with minimal residual muscle weakness.

Anesthesia for a 10-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy syndrome: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an eventually fatal disorder that is characterized by rapidly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy of muscle tissue. The clinical manifestations of DMD vary depending on the stages of the disease. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia and the administration of volatile anesthetic agents, - particularly halothane, - during acute rhabdomyolysis are more likely to result in cardiac arrest and unsuccessful resuscitation in DMD patients than in the general public. This is a case report of a 10-year-old boy who underwent elective strabismus revision under general anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with intravenous propofol and remifentanil, which was started at the targeted effect concentration of 3.0micrometer/ml and 3.5 ng/ml respectively via target controlled infusion (TCI). No inhaled anesthetic was used. In addition, an initial dose 0.4 mg/kg of atracurium was injected intravenously over 15s. The results of this case report found intravenous infusion of propofol, remifentanil and atracurium to be safe because the malignant hyperthermia did not occur.

Thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy or postpartum is a major cause of maternal complications and death; however, the risk is uncertain. In this study, we sought to estimate the incidence of VTE during pregnancy and to identify risk factors for pregnancy-related VTE. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the incidence, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis for VTE based on 40,989 deliveries at Cheil General Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, over a five-year period from February 2003 to January 2008. The risk factors were analyzed by chi-square-analysis and forward stepwise logistic regression, and are presented as crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The incidence of VTE was 0.042% (17 patients, mean age 32.4+/-2.5 years), with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in 0.01% of the patients (4 patients, mean age 31.5+/-2.9 years), and pulmonary embolism (PE) in 0.032% of the patients (13 patients, mean age 32.6+/-2.5 years). The postnatal incidence of VTE was higher than the antenatal incidence (2 vs. 15). The main manifestations at the time of diagnosis, in order of frequency, were: dyspnea in 8 patients (62%), chest pain in 4 patients (31%), cough in 2 patients (15%), and syncope in 1 patient (8%). The risk factors for VTE were Cesarean section (OR=7.4; 95% CI: 2.1-25.7, p=0.002) and preeclampsia (OR=12.0; 95% CI: 4.2-34.2, p<0.000). All cases showed clinical improvement spontaneously, or with anticoagulation and surgical thrombectomy, and caused no fetal or maternal mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of VTE during pregnancy was 0.042%; the independent risk factors were Cesarean section and preeclampsia.

The Effect of Intrathecal Morphine Added to Continuous Femoral 3-in-1 Nerve Block for Analgesia after Total Knee Replacement / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Most of the patients who received a 3-in-1 nerve block for analgesia after total knee replacement (TKR) complained of pain in the back of the knee. We investigated the value of an intrathecal (IT) morphine in patients receiving continuous 3-in-1 nerve block with a PCA technique for pain control after unilateral TKR. METHODS: Group 1 (n = 20) received spinal anesthesia with IT fentanyl 10microgram. Group 2 (n = 20) received spinal anesthesia with IT morphine 0.1 mg. All patients received continuous 3-in-1 nerve block performed with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1 : 200000, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine at the rate of 2 ml/h plus PCA boluses of 1 ml with a lockout of 10 min. The intensity of pain at rest and on movement was assessed by the patients using a visual analog scale (VAS) for the first 2 postoperative days. RESULTS: Patients in Group 2 reported significantly lower VAS pain scores at rest than those in Group 1 for the first 1 day (P < 0.05). Cumulative PCA bolus use of 0.125% bupivacaine in Group 2 was significantly lower than those in Group 1 for the first 2 days (P < 0.05). The incidences of pruritus in Groups 1 and 2 were 0 and 50%, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We determined that the addition of IT morphine 0.1 mg to continuous femoral 3-in-1 nerve block improves postoperative analgesia after TKR.

The Effectiveness and Safety of Doxazosin GITS in Hypertension when Added to non-Responders to Monotherapy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Doxazosin GITS (Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System) greatly minimizes the need for titration by changing the drug-delivery rate and pharmacokinetic profile. No data are available on the safety and efficacy of Doxazosin GITS among Korean hypertensive patients. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Doxazosin GITS as an add-on therapy, under standard usage conditions, through a multi center study in patients with hypertension. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 595 hypertensive patients, not adequately controlled with a single agent, were enrolled into this study. The demographic profiles were gathered at the baseline, and the patients followed up at 4 and 8 week intervals for dose adjustment and for final assessment of the efficacy, respectively. The blood pressure, heart rate, fasting glucose and lipid profiles were assessed at each visit and any adverse events also observed. RESULTS: A total of 595 patients, in whom Doxazosin GITS had been administered, and evaluated at least once according to its related parameters, were analyzed to assess its safety. Of the 595 patients 534 completed this study and fulfilled the requirements for the efficacy analysis. Eight weeks after treatment, the responders (BP<140/90 mmHg or BP<130/85 mmHg in patients with diabetes) were 68.5% of the total patients and 71.3% of the hypertensive patients without diabetes. The blood pressure was significantly improved, with a mean change from the baseline of -18.9+/-19.5/-1 0.6+/-11.8 mmHg (mean+/-standard deviation expressed as SBP/DBP)(p<0.05). In addition, Doxazosin GITS showed a change in the heart rate of -1.5+/-6.8 bpm (p<0.05), and brought favorable metabolic effects, such as improved glucose metabolism and reductions in the total cholesterol and triglyceride. A total of 18 adverse events were reported among the 595 patients (3.0%), with mild to moderate severity. CONCLUSION: Doxazosin GITS as an add-on therapy significantly improved the blood pressure and heart rate, with favorable metabolic effects. Doxazosin GITS could be a safe and effective drug for hypertension not adequately controlled with a single agent.

Reversal of arterial stiffness by treatment with the angiotensin receptor antagonist irbesartan in essential hypertension / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: Alterations of mechanical properties in the vasculature may contribute to complications of hypertension. Since angiotensin II plays a pivotal role in these vascular abnormalities, we tested the hypothesis that the AT1 angiotensin receptor antagonist irbesartan, in contrast to the beta-blocker atenolol, would correct artery stiffness in essential hypertensive patients. METHODS: Thirty untreated essential hypertensive patients (48 +/- 7 years, range 35-65; 72% male) were randomly assigned in a single-blind fashion to irbesartan or atenolol treatment for 6 months. Fifty one age/sex-matched normotensive subjects were also studied. Systemic arterial stiffness (augmentation index; AI) was measured by the pressure transfer function using radial pulse tonometry. RESULTS: Both treatments reduced blood pressure (BP) to a comparable degree (irbesartan: 160 +/- 19/105 +/- 13 to 133 +/- 16/92 +/- 10 mmHg, p<0.01; atenolol: 166 +/- 17/113 +/- 9 to 132 +/- 15/90 +/- 8 mmHg, p<0.01). Other hemodynamic parameters of peripheral and central arteries showed similar degree of reduction, except significant reduction of central pulse pressure with irbesartan treatment (42 +/- 20 to 29 +/- 8 mmHg, p=0.01 vs 41 +/- 14 to 34 +/- 12 mmHg of atenolol treatment). After 6-month treatment, systemic arterial stiffness (AI) was significantly reduced from 28 +/- 11 to 21 +/- 11% (p=0.01) after irbesartan but atenolol treatment showed no change (from 29 +/- 8 to 29 +/- 13%). Reversal of arterial stiffness correlated mostly with reduction of central pulse pressure (r=0.63, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The AT1 angiotensin antagonist irbesartan corrected the altered arterial stiffness from patients with essential hypertension by reduction of central pulse pressure, whereas the beta-blocker atenolol had no effect.

Association of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphisms with Preeclampsia

We tested the hypothesis that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensinogen gene polymorphism influence the incidence, development and outcome of preeclampsia. Subjects were recruited from 90 Korean patients with preeclampsia during pregnancy and 98 age-matched controls. After isolation of DNA, polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were carried out to detect polymorphism of the ACE and angiotensinogen. M235T and T174M genotypes of angiotensinogen were determined by digestion with restriction enzyme endonuclease Tth 111-I and NCo I, respectively. The frequency of DD genotype was significantly greater in preeclampsia (0.36) than in controls (0.14) (p<0.05). The frequency of D allele was 0.55 in preeclampsia and 0.40 in controls (p<0.05). There were no differences in the onset of preeclampsia and pregnancy outcomes according to the ACE genotypes. There was no difference in the frequency of a allele of angiotensinogen M235T between the groups (0.79:0.78 in preeclampsia : controls). The frequency of T allele of angiotensinogen T174M gene was slightly increased, but not significantly, in preeclampsia (0.11) than in controls (0.07). In a multivariate analysis, only ACE genotype was associated with the development of preeclampsia (beta=0.27, p=0.05). In conclusion, a molecular variant of ACE, but not angiotensinogen, gene is associated with preeclampsia in Korean women.

A common mutation in cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene and plasma HDL cholesterol level before and after hormone replacement therapy in Korean postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) functions to transfer cholesteryl ester from HDL to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and regulates plasma HDL cholesterol level. A common mutation, the exon 15 A to G substitution at codon 442 (D442G) results in reduced plasma CETP activity and increased plasma HDL cholesterol level. Meanwhile, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women increases plasma HDL cholesterol level. METHODS: We investigated the frequency of D442G mutation and its effect on plasma HDL cholesterol level in Korean women. We also examined if the mutation has any effect on an increase in plasma HDL cholesterol level during HRT. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty eight women aged over 40 years were recruited in this study. Of 228 women, 22 (9.6%) were identified as having the D442G mutation; 21 heterozygotes and 1 homozygote. The subjects with the mutation had higher plasma HDL cholesterol levels than those without the mutation (61.6 +/- 17.3 vs. 55.1 +/- 14.0 mg/dL, p < 0.05). After 12 month HRT, HDL cholesterol increased by 6.4% (3.6 +/- 13.2 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and D442G mutation did not have any significant effect on the change of plasma HDL cholesterol level. CONCLUSION: D442G mutation is common in Korean postmenopausal women and it is associated with increased plasma HDL cholesterol level. HRT for postmenopausal women increased plasma HDL cholesterol level in similar amounts regardless of the presence or absence of D442G mutation.

Legal Approach in Internet Medical Counseling

Internet medical counseling is increasing through the recent diffusion of super-high speed network. It provides not only medical information but also substantial Internet counseling(home medical care or telemedicine) that may rander definite diagnosis and treatment on line. But Internet medical counseling is still prohibited since Korean medical law stipulates the principle of facing treatment. Soon if will be possible to deliver Internet medical counseling under the revised bill of Korean medical law on telemedicine and electronic medical record. Therefore, I would like to give some legal information and advice that merit attention when medical personnel deliver Internet medical counseling. First, in case of substantial Internet medical counseling, it would be desirable to allow Internet counseling as the second treatment with the trust between doctor and patient being the first. Internet counseling should replace facing treatment only when the latter is practically not possible. It should be initiated not by physicians??soliutation but by requests from patients themselves. Of course, full explanation about the practice, including any potential disadvantages to the patients, should be provided. Second, counseling contents should be recorded and the hard copies of the Q-and-A should be kept with signature on. Patients privacy should not be infringed. Third, in case of Internet medical counseling, medical personnel has the same responsibility as that in the facing treatment. And it is stipulated in the revised bill of Korean medical law that if there is no definite evidence that acknowledges remote doctor's fault, resident doctor has the responsibility. But this could make a resident doctor hesitate to practice telemedicine, and enough discussion should follow on this. Internet medical counseiling gives a big opportunity to provide highly developed medical techniques overcoming the geographic barrier of distance, but it also might be dangerous enough to threaten patient's life by providing wrong information and cause effluence of private inforamtion. Therefore, it is necessary to facilitate public opinion regarding the Internet medical counseling on its limit and regulation.