A Case of Transient Posterior Capsular Opacity After Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection

Purpose@#We are reporting a case of transient posterior capsular opacity after intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin®, Roche Pharma Schweis AG, Zurich, Switzerland) injection in a phakic patient.Case summary: A 34-year-old man visited our clinic with sudden blurred vision in his left eye one day after the intravitreal injection for central serous chorioretinopathy. His visual acuity was 1.0 before the injection and decreased to 0.1 at the presentation. On slit-lamp examination, a snow-flake appearance opacity was noted behind the posterior capsule. No newly appearing lesion was presented on fundus exam, so topical antibiotics and steroid eyedrops were continued. One week after the injection, the visual acuity improved to 1.0 and posterior capsular opacity remained but decreased. Five weeks after the injection, the posterior capsular opacity resolved. Fundus exam revealed improved but persistent subretinal fluid, so he overwent another intravitreal injection. The posterior capsular opacity did not recur for seven months. @*Conclusions@#Iatrogenic lens damage or the turbidity formed by medication can cause a posterior capsular opacity after intravitreal injection. If structural damage is uncertain, close monitoring is needed and ultimately, cataract surgery may be required for chronic crystalline lens opacity.

Weight Changes and Unhealthy Weight Control Behaviors Are Associated With Dysmenorrhea in Young Women

Background@#This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and to investigate the effect of weight changes or unhealthy weight control behaviors on dysmenorrhea in young Korean women. @*Methods@#We used large-scale data of women, aged 14 to 44 years, who participated in the Korean Study of Women’s Health-Related Issues. Dysmenorrhea was measured using a visual analog scale and was categorized as none, mild, moderate, and severe according to the severity. Weight changes and unhealthy weight control behaviors (any of the behaviors, fasting/meal skipping, drugs, the use of unapproved dietary supplements, and one-food diets) over the past year were self-reported. We used multinomial logistic regression to investigate the association between weight changes or unhealthy weight control behaviors and dysmenorrhea. @*Results@#Of the 5,829 young women participating in the study, 5,245 (90.0%) participants experienced dysmenorrhea [2,184 (37.5%) had moderate and 1,358 (23.3%) had severe].After adjusting for confounders, the odds ratios for moderate and severe dysmenorrhea in participants with weight changes ≥ 3 kg (vs. < 3 kg) were 1.19 (95% confidence interval:1.05–1.35) and 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.08–1.45), respectively. The odds ratios in participants with any unhealthy weight control behaviors were 1.22 (95% confidence interval:1.04–1.42) and 1.41 (95% confidence interval: 1.19–1.67) for those with moderate and severe dysmenorrhea, respectively. @*Conclusion@#Weight changes (≥ 3 kg) or unhealthy weight control behaviors are common among young women, which may adversely affect dysmenorrhea. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to excessive weight changes and unhealthy weight control behaviors to improve dysmenorrhea in young women.

Substantial Lipid Increases During Menopausal Transition in Korean Middle-Aged Women

Background@#Adverse lipid profiles are observed in postmenopausal women. However, there is insufficient evidence of the association between lipids and reproductive aging in Korean women. We aimed to characterize lipid changes with respect to timing relative to menopause in Korean middle-aged women. @*Methods@#This study included 1,436 premenopausal women who had a natural menopause during the follow-up period (median = 15.76 years) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Ansan and Anseong cohort. Lipid levels were measured every 2 years, and the magnitudes of annual lipid changes and differences in the changes by premenopausal body mass index were estimated using piecewise linear mixed-effects models. @*Results@#All lipid levels increased greatly from 3 or 5 years before menopause to 1 year after menopause in all women, regardless of their premenopausal body mass index. During the period, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased at 0.42 mg/dL per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.55 mg/dL). Nevertheless, non-HDL-C levels simultaneously increased at 3.42 mg/dL per year (95% CI, 3.11 to 3.72 mg/dL), and an annual change in the non-HDL-C to HDL-C ratio was 0.05 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.06). One year after menopause, changes in all lipid parameters significantly slowed down, except for the nonHDL-C to HDL-C ratio (P < 0.001 for all). The ratio continued to increase until 3 years after menopause, but thereafter, the change leveled off. @*Conclusion@#Women experienced remarkable increases in lipid levels during menopausal transition, highlighting the need for early intervention strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention in women.

Use of Menstrual Sanitary Products in Women of Reproductive Age: Korea Nurses’ Health Study

Objectives@#The use of menstrual hygiene products and its effect on women’s health remains under studied. Patterns of menstrual hygiene product use and the rationale behind choices among Korean women aged 18-45 years were examined. @*Methods@#This cross-sectional study was a part of the Korea Nurses’ Health Study. A total of 20,613 nurses participated, and 8,658 nurses participated in Module 7 which included a menstrual hygiene productsrelated survey. The data were collected through the mobile survey using a self-reported questionnaire.Participants’ use of menstrual hygiene products and related characteristics were analyzed using frequency (percentage) or mean (SD). @*Results@#The most common types of menstrual hygiene products across all age groups were disposable menstrual pads (89.0%), followed by cloth menstrual pads (4.5%), tampons (4.2%), and only 1.6% used a menstrual cup. Disposable menstrual pads were the most common across all age groups, but in those aged under 30 years this was followed by tampon use (6%). The most important criteria when choosing a menstrual hygiene product was comfort for disposable menstrual pads (31.3%) and tampons (41.5%), natural ingredients or organic products for cloth menstrual pads (51.4%), and custom fit for the menstrual cup (50.7%). However, for all menstrual hygiene products (except cloth menstrual pads), there was a higher proportion of anxiety than perception of safety, and low awareness of toxic shock syndrome. @*Conclusion@#It is important for women to use menstrual hygiene products with confidence. More research is needed to better understand potential health effects of menstrual hygiene products.

Three Cases of Intraoperative Acute Fluid Misdirection Syndrome during Cataract Surgery

Purpose@#We report the management of three cases of intraoperative acute fluid misdirection syndrome during cataract surgery.Case summary: Cataract surgery was performed in one eye of an 82-year-old woman with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, one eye of an 80-year-old man with end-stage glaucoma, and both eyes of a 72-year-old man with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. In the first two cases, the capsular bag space decreased during cortex aspiration and after removal of the cortex, respectively. After intravenous mannitol and intake of oral acetazolamide, the intraocular lens was successfully inserted in the first two cases on the same day. In the third case, after first removing the nucleus and cortex of the right eye, the capsular bag space decreased and an intraocular lens was carefully inserted. No intraoperative complications were seen during the left eye operation. One month after the operation, the best-corrected visual acuity had improved and the intraocular pressure was within normal limits for all three cases. @*Conclusions@#A relatively shallow chamber, pseudoexfoliation, zonular laxity, and use of high molecular weight ophthalmic viscosurgical devices may cause acute fluid misdirection syndrome during cataract surgery. Pars plana vitrectomy may be required. However, intravenous high osmotic agent treatment should be attempted first, followed by intraocular lens insertion on the same day.

Three Cases of Intraoperative Acute Fluid Misdirection Syndrome during Cataract Surgery

Purpose@#We report the management of three cases of intraoperative acute fluid misdirection syndrome during cataract surgery.Case summary: Cataract surgery was performed in one eye of an 82-year-old woman with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, one eye of an 80-year-old man with end-stage glaucoma, and both eyes of a 72-year-old man with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. In the first two cases, the capsular bag space decreased during cortex aspiration and after removal of the cortex, respectively. After intravenous mannitol and intake of oral acetazolamide, the intraocular lens was successfully inserted in the first two cases on the same day. In the third case, after first removing the nucleus and cortex of the right eye, the capsular bag space decreased and an intraocular lens was carefully inserted. No intraoperative complications were seen during the left eye operation. One month after the operation, the best-corrected visual acuity had improved and the intraocular pressure was within normal limits for all three cases. @*Conclusions@#A relatively shallow chamber, pseudoexfoliation, zonular laxity, and use of high molecular weight ophthalmic viscosurgical devices may cause acute fluid misdirection syndrome during cataract surgery. Pars plana vitrectomy may be required. However, intravenous high osmotic agent treatment should be attempted first, followed by intraocular lens insertion on the same day.

Homocysteine and risk of cerebrovascular lesions: The PRESENT project

@#Objective: Cerebral white matter changes (WMCs) and silent brain infarcts (SBIs) are common radiological findings in neurologically asymptomatic elderly people. Their presence is associated with an increased risk of stroke or dementia. Homocysteine (Hcy) can cause atherosclerosis and may thus act as a useful marker of stroke prior to symptom onset. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of Hcy as a surrogate marker for early intervention for stroke in community-dwelling healthy elderly persons with cerebrovascular lesions such as WMCs and SBIs. Methods: We assessed the relationship between the Hcy level and presence of WMCs/SBIs on brain computed tomography (CT) in 554 elderly individuals aged ≥65 years with no history of stroke or dementia. Results: The mean age of the participants was 74.43±7.32 years. Of the 554 patients, 106 (19.1%) had WMCs and/or SBI findings on brain CT. The mean Hcy level was higher in participants with WMCs/SBIs (P=0.001). The WMCs/SBIs group had a significantly greater number of participants with high Hcy levels than the non-WMCs/SBIs group (P<0.001). High Hcy levels (≥12.3 μmol/L) was significantly associated with WMCs and SBIs even after adjusting for age, Korean Mini Mental Status Examination score, education level, and vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking status. Conclusion: The result of our study suggests that regular monitoring of homocysteine level as a modifiable risk factor may be helpful for predicting the association of cerebrovascular lesions such as WMCs and SBIs for the prevention of future ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment.

A Comparison Study of Cilostazol and Aspirin on Changes in Volume of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease White Matter Changes: Protocol of a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is the most common cause of vascular dementia and a major contributor to mixed dementia. CSVD is characterized by progressive cerebral white matter changes (WMC) due to chronic low perfusion and loss of autoregulation. In addition to its antiplatelet effect, cilostazol exerts a vasodilating effect and improves endothelial function. This study aims to compare the effects of cilostazol and aspirin on changes in WMC volume in CSVD.METHODS: The comparison study of Cilostazol and aspirin on cHAnges in volume of cerebral smaLL vEssel disease white matter chaNGEs (CHALLENGE) is a double blind, randomized trial involving 19 hospitals across South Korea. Patients with moderate or severe WMC and ≥ 1 lacunar infarction detected on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are eligible; the projected sample size is 254. Participants are randomly assigned to a cilostazol or aspirin group at a 1:1 ratio. Cilostazol slow release 200 mg or aspirin 100 mg are taken once daily for 2 years. The primary outcome measure is the change in WMC volume on MRI from baseline to 104 weeks. Secondary imaging outcomes include changes in the number of lacunes and cerebral microbleeds, fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity on diffusion tensor imaging, and brain atrophy. Secondary clinical outcomes include all ischemic strokes, all vascular events, and changes in cognition, motor function, mood, urinary symptoms, and disability.CONCLUSIONS: CHALLENGE will provide evidence to support the selection of long-term antiplatelet therapy in CSVD.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01932203

Eggerthella Lenta Bacteremia after Appendectomy in a Healthy Patient / 대한내과학회지

Eggerthella lenta (E. lenta) has been reported to cause bacteremia in patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders or malignancies and in immunocompromised patients. Cases of E. lenta have been increasing with the recent development of testing equipment. The mortality rate due to E. lenta bacteremia is high. The authors report a case of E. lenta bacteremia in an immunocompetent patient.

The mortality benefit of carvedilol versus bisoprolol in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

BACKGROUND/AIMS@#It is unknown whether different β-blockers (BBs) have variable effects on long-term survival of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This study compares the effects of two BBs, carvedilol and bisoprolol, on survival in patients with HFrEF.@*METHODS@#The Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry is a prospective multicenter cohort that includes 5,625 patients who were hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). We selected 3,016 patients with HFrEF and divided this study population into two groups: BB at discharge (n = 1,707) or no BB at discharge (n = 1,309). Among patients with BB at discharge, subgroups were formed based on carvedilol prescription (n = 831), or bisoprolol prescription (n = 553). Propensity score matching analysis was performed.@*RESULTS@#Among patients who were prescribed a BB at discharge, 60.5% received carvedilol and 32.7% received bisoprolol. There was a significant reduction in all-cause mortality in those patients with HFrEF prescribed a BB at discharge compared to those who were not (BB vs. no BB, 26.1% vs. 40.8%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 0.67; p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the rate of all-cause mortality between those receiving different types of BB (carvedilol vs. bisoprolol, 27.5% vs. 23.5%; HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.47; p = 0.07). Similar results were observed after propensity score matching analysis (508 pairs, 26.2% vs. 23.8%; HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.40; p = 0.47).@*CONCLUSIONS@#In the treatment of AHF with reduced EF after hospitalization, mortality benefits of carvedilol and bisoprolol were comparable.

Eggerthella Lenta Bacteremia after Appendectomy in a Healthy Patient / 대한내과학회지

Eggerthella lenta (E. lenta) has been reported to cause bacteremia in patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders or malignancies and in immunocompromised patients. Cases of E. lenta have been increasing with the recent development of testing equipment. The mortality rate due to E. lenta bacteremia is high. The authors report a case of E. lenta bacteremia in an immunocompetent patient.

The clinical significance of aortic calcification in chest radiography in community-dwelling, healthy adults: The PRESENT project

@#Background: Aortic calcification (AC), a predictor of generalized atherosclerosis, may precedes cerebral white matter lesions. Cerebral white matter changes (WMCs) are associated with cognitive decline and future dementia. The aim of study was to evaluate the usefulness of aortic calcification (AC) detection by chest radiograph for cueing early intervention in possible WMCs to prevent stroke and dementia in community-dwelling healthy people. Methods: We assessed the relationship between AC in chest radiography and vascular risk factors and severity of WMCs in 543 middle-aged and elderly individuals with no history of stroke or dementia. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 61.6 ± 7.4 years. Of these, AC was observed in 39 (7.2%) subjects. AC combined with grade 1 WMC (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe) were seen in 8 (25.8%), 7 (23.3%) subjects, and 3 (30.0%) subjects, respectively. After adjustment for age and vascular risk factors, diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–3.65, p<0.05) and hypertension (OR, 1.86, 95% CI, 1.03-3.35, p<0.05), aortic knob width (OR, 1.07, 95% CI, 1.01–1.13, p<0.05) and aortic calcification (OR, 2.93, 95% CI, 1.36-6.33, p<0.05) were significantly associated with the severity of WMCs. Conclusion: There is an association between the presence of AC in chest radiography and WMC. It may be useful in providing important information about development of WMCs for prevention of future vascular-related cognitive impairments or ischemic stroke

Evaluation of gallbladder and common bile duct size and appearance by computed tomography in dogs

The feasibility of using computed tomography (CT) to identify the common bile duct (CBD) and comparison with ultrasonography (US) results were evaluated in normal beagle dogs and dogs without hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. In addition, CBD diameters were obtained from CT at the level of the porta hepatis and the duodenal papilla level in dogs with underlying diseases that may cause cholestasis. US is a useful modality in the estimation of gallbladder volume because ejection fraction and CBD diameter from US were not significantly different from those of CT. The normal biliary tract was visible on CT images in 68% of the normal dog group. CBD diameter was not over 3 mm and 3.5 mm at the porta hepatis and duodenal papilla levels, respectively in normal dogs weighing less than 15 kg. Dogs suspected to have cholestasis associated with hepatobiliary or pancreatic diseases had significantly larger CBD than that in normal dogs.

Prognostic Significance of Left Axis Deviation in Acute Heart Failure Patients with Left Bundle branch block: an Analysis from the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#The prognostic impact of left axis deviation (LAD) on clinical outcomes in acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) with left bundle branch block (LBBB) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of axis deviation in acute heart failure patients with LBBB.@*METHODS@#Between March 2011 and February 2014, 292 consecutive AHFS patients with LBBB were recruited from 10 tertiary university hospitals. They were divided into groups with no LAD (n=189) or with LAD (n=103) groups according to QRS axis <−30 degree. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.@*RESULTS@#The median follow-up duration was 24 months. On multivariate analysis, the rate of all-cause death did not significantly differ between the normal axis and LAD groups (39.7% vs. 46.6%, adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.66, 1.53; p=0.97). However, on the multiple linear regression analysis to evaluate the predictors of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of LAD significantly predicted a worse LVEF (adjusted beta, −3.25; 95% confidence interval, −5.82, −0.67; p=0.01). Right ventricle (RV) dilatation was defined as at least 2 of 3 electrocardiographic criteria (late R in lead aVR, low voltages in limb leads, and R/S ratio < 1 in lead V5) and was more frequent in the LAD group than in the normal axis group (p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Among the AHFS with LBBB patients, LAD did not predict mortality, but it could be used as a significant predictor of worse LVEF and RV dilatation (Trial registry at KorAHF registry, ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT01389843).

Prognostic Significance of Left Axis Deviation in Acute Heart Failure Patients with Left Bundle branch block: an Analysis from the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) Registry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prognostic impact of left axis deviation (LAD) on clinical outcomes in acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) with left bundle branch block (LBBB) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of axis deviation in acute heart failure patients with LBBB. METHODS: Between March 2011 and February 2014, 292 consecutive AHFS patients with LBBB were recruited from 10 tertiary university hospitals. They were divided into groups with no LAD (n=189) or with LAD (n=103) groups according to QRS axis < −30 degree. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 24 months. On multivariate analysis, the rate of all-cause death did not significantly differ between the normal axis and LAD groups (39.7% vs. 46.6%, adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.66, 1.53; p=0.97). However, on the multiple linear regression analysis to evaluate the predictors of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of LAD significantly predicted a worse LVEF (adjusted beta, −3.25; 95% confidence interval, −5.82, −0.67; p=0.01). Right ventricle (RV) dilatation was defined as at least 2 of 3 electrocardiographic criteria (late R in lead aVR, low voltages in limb leads, and R/S ratio < 1 in lead V5) and was more frequent in the LAD group than in the normal axis group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among the AHFS with LBBB patients, LAD did not predict mortality, but it could be used as a significant predictor of worse LVEF and RV dilatation (Trial registry at KorAHF registry, ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT01389843).

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in a female patient with fragile X syndrome / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

We report a case of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with fragile X syndrome. The relationship between fragile X syndrome and Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is unclear. However, More research will need about the causes and treatment of Spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

Carotid Artery Dissection originated from Asymptomatic Long Segmental Aortic Dissection

No abstract available.

Hereditary Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Recent Advances in Genetic Diagnostics

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of heart failure in young adults and up to 50% of idiopathic DCM is thought to be caused by genetic mutations in candidate genes. Although a genetic diagnosis can confirm a clinical diagnosis of hereditary DCM, genetic testing has not been easily accessible due to genetic heterogeneity and complexity. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have recently been introduced, and genetic testing for multiple genes is currently available and more than 40 different genes have been associated with DCM. In Korea, the government has supported genetic diagnosis for patients with idiopathic DCM. When a targeted gene panel with NGS technology was used, the detection rate was about 40%. MYBPC3, LMNA, and MYH7 were the most frequently identified genes, and the pattern of causative genes was different from previous reports. In the analysis, a significant number of subjects (42.0%) had rare or novel unspecified variants in DCM candidate genes, which should be assessed as potential causative mutations. Developing a more comprehensive test panel with additional DCM genes and whole exome sequencing will improve the detection rate, and allow genetic testing to be an option for patients with idiopathic DCM. However, all genetic variations are not pathogenic mutations, and the majority of reported mutations in DCM are unique to a single family, which makes genetic data interpretation more difficult. Therefore, clinical features and familial history integration are needed to improve clinical decision making.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Acute Heart Failure in Korea: Results from the Korean Acute Heart Failure Registry (KorAHF)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The burden of heart failure has increased in Korea. This registry aims to evaluate demographics, clinical characteristics, management, and long-term outcomes in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled a total of 5625 consecutive subjects hospitalized for AHF in one of 10 tertiary university hospitals from March 2011 to February 2014. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the baseline characteristics of the study population and to compare them with those from other registries. RESULTS: The mean age was 68.5±14.5 years, 53.2% were male, and 52.2% had de novo heart failure. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 131.2±30.3 mmHg and 78.6±18.8 mmHg at admission, respectively. The left ventricular ejection fraction was ≤40% in 60.5% of patients. Ischemia was the most frequent etiology (37.6%) and aggravating factor (26.3%). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists were prescribed in 68.8%, 52.2%, and 46.6% of the patients at discharge, respectively. Compared with the previous registry performed in Korea a decade ago, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and heart transplantation have been performed more frequently (ECMO 0.8% vs. 2.8%, heart transplantation 0.3% vs. 1.2%), and in-hospital mortality decreased from 7.6% to 4.8%. However, the total cost of hospital care increased by 40%, and one-year follow-up mortality remained high. CONCLUSION: While the quality of acute clinical care and AHF-related outcomes have improved over the last decade, the long-term prognosis of heart failure is still poor in Korea. Therefore, additional research is needed to improve long-term outcomes and implement cost-effective care.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation in Korea: the National Health Insurance Service Database (2002-2010)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that is known as an important independent risk factor for stroke. However, limited information is available on AF in Korea. This study evaluated the incidence of AF, its associated co-morbidities and risk factors for AF in Korea. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The National Health Insurance Service database between 2002 and 2010 was used in the study. Individuals<30 years old and those diagnosed with AF between 2002 and 2004 were excluded. Hazard ratios (HRs) according to co-morbidities and risk factors for AF were determined using a Cox proportional hazard model. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) of AF risk factors were determined. RESULTS: During a 6-year follow-up period, 3517 (1.7%) developed AF. The incidence rates in men and women aged 30-39 years were 0.82 and 0.55 per 1000 person-years, respectively; the incidence rates further increased with age to 13.09 and 11.54 per 1000 person-years in men and women aged≥80 years, respectively. The risk factors for incident AF were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and heart failure. After adjusting for variables related to AF, the risk of AF was significantly associated with hypertension (HR 1.667), IHD (HR 1.639), heart failure (HR 1.521), and the PAFs for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, IHD, heart failure and diabetes mellitus were 30.6%, 10.1%, 3.4%, 16.6%, 8.2%, 5.3% and 0.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Incidence of AF increased with age and was higher in men than in women. A larger proportion of AF events was attributable to hypertension than to other co-morbidities.