Changes of Cytosolic Ca2+ under Metabolic Inhibition in Isolated Rat Ventricular Myocytes

To characterize cytosolic Ca2+ fluctuations under metabolic inhibition, rat ventricular myocytes were exposed to 200microM 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and mitochondrial Ca2+, mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m), and cytosolic Ca2+ were measured, using Rhod-2 AM, TMRE, and Fluo-4 AM fluorescent dyes, respectively, by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM). Furthermore, the role of sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX) in cytosolic Ca2+ efflux was studied in KB-R7943 and Na+-free normal Tyrode's solution (143 mM LiCl ). When DNP was applied to cells loaded with Fluo-4 AM, Fluo-4 AM fluorescence intensity initially increased by 70+/-10% within 70+/-10 s, and later by 400+/-200% at 850+/-46 s. Fluorescence intensity of both Rhod-2 AM and TMRE were initially decreased by DNP, coincident with the initial increase of Fluo-4 AM fluorescence intensity. When sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ was depleted by 1microM thapsigargin plus 10microM ryanodine, the initial increase of Fluo-4 AM fluorescence intensity was unaffected, however, the subsequent progressive increase was abolished. KB-R7943 delayed both the first and the second phases of cytosolic Ca2+ overload, while Na+-free solution accelerated the second. The above results suggest that: 1) the initial rise in cytosolic Ca2+ under DNP results from mitochondrial depolarization; 2) the secondary increase is caused by progressive Ca2+ release from SR; 3) NCX plays an important role in transient cytosolic Ca2+ shifts under metabolic inhibition with DNP.

Protein Kinase C Activates ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

Several signal transduction pathways have been implicated in ischemic preconditioning induced by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. We examined whether protein kinase C (PKC) modulated the activity of KATP channels by recording KATP channel currents in rabbit ventricular myocytes using patch-clamp technique and found that phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (PDD) enhanced pinacidil-induced KATP channel activity in the cell-attached configuration; and this effect was prevented by bisindolylmaleimide (BIM). KATP channel activity was not increased by 4alpha-PDD. In excised inside-out patches, PKC stimulated KATP channels in the presence of 1 mM ATP, and this effect was abolished in the presence of BIM. Heat-inactivated PKC had no effect on channel activity. PKC-induced activation of KATP channels was reversed by PP2A, and this effect was not detected in the presence of okadaic acid. These results suggest that PKC activates KATP channels in rabbit ventricular myocytes.