Depression and Anxiety Disorder in Perspective of Neurogenesis and Pattern Separation / 생물치료정신의학

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) are mental disorders with a high social burden. Since the discovery of neurogenesis, one effect of anti-depressant was revealed as increasing the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus (DG). Thus, many researchers have speculated that neurogenesis may correlate with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. It was reasonable to hypothesize that neurogenesis would be essential for the therapeutic mechanism. We call this new hypothesis the neurogenic theory. In this review, we investigated the validity and evidence of neurogenic theory through post-mortem studies and animal models. As a result, it seems to be a lack of strong evidence to claim that the defect of neurogenesis itself causes MDD and AD. However, neurogenesis seems to be essential, at least for improving depressive or anxiety behaviors. From the algorithmic perspective, we also discussed the pattern separation, suggested function of neurogenesis of the DG, in the relationship with the symptoms of mental disorder. We tried to show that it is appropriate to interpret the relationship between neurogenesis and mental disorder using the term “overgeneralization” rather than the theoretical term “pattern separation”.Overgeneralization was especially beneficial for interpreting the relationship between the defect of neurogenesis and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) among AD. It is necessary to further investigate the effect of neurogenesis in the treatment of mental illnesses such as MDD and AD including PTSD, and in the prognosis of patients.

Depression and Anxiety Disorder in Perspective of Neurogenesis and Pattern Separation / 생물치료정신의학

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorder (AD) are mental disorders with a high social burden. Since the discovery of neurogenesis, one effect of anti-depressant was revealed as increasing the neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus (DG). Thus, many researchers have speculated that neurogenesis may correlate with the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. It was reasonable to hypothesize that neurogenesis would be essential for the therapeutic mechanism. We call this new hypothesis the neurogenic theory. In this review, we investigated the validity and evidence of neurogenic theory through post-mortem studies and animal models. As a result, it seems to be a lack of strong evidence to claim that the defect of neurogenesis itself causes MDD and AD. However, neurogenesis seems to be essential, at least for improving depressive or anxiety behaviors. From the algorithmic perspective, we also discussed the pattern separation, suggested function of neurogenesis of the DG, in the relationship with the symptoms of mental disorder. We tried to show that it is appropriate to interpret the relationship between neurogenesis and mental disorder using the term “overgeneralization” rather than the theoretical term “pattern separation”.Overgeneralization was especially beneficial for interpreting the relationship between the defect of neurogenesis and post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) among AD. It is necessary to further investigate the effect of neurogenesis in the treatment of mental illnesses such as MDD and AD including PTSD, and in the prognosis of patients.

Double Gantzer's Muscles by Four Muscle Bellies and Its Clinical Significance: A Case Report / 체질인류학회지

The Gantzer's muscle (GM) is an additional muscle in the forearm as the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and accessory head of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). We reported a rare case of double GM formed by four muscle bellies. From the dorsal part of flexor digitorum superficialis, small four bellies formed two muscles merging to FDP and FPL, as GMs. These accessory heads of FDP and FPL crossed the ulnar artery and the median nerve, respectively. These additional muscles in the forearm flexor compartment are rare and its clinical and embryological significances should be considered.

The Application and Effectiveness for Medical Procedural Skills through the Use of the Cadaver Model / 체질인류학회지

For this study, medical students, intern physicians, and resident physicians, were surveyed about the application and effectiveness for medical procedure training using cadaver. In this survey, with a target population of 170 individuals, 105 individuals (61.7%) showed positive responses to learning medical procedural using cadaver. Resident physicians group (80.8%) showed relatively positive responses compared to 4(th) year medical students (58.1%) and intern physicians (47.6%); however, this did not account for any significant statistical difference. Regarding the application of cadaver to medical procedural practices, 95 individuals (62.1%) showed positive responses. Resident physicians (74.5%) had the highest percentage of positive responses compared to intern physicians (56.7%) and 4(th) year medical students (56.6%), and there was a significant statistical difference. Suture (15.7%) was ranked first as the most suitable medical procedural to be practiced on cadaver; tracheotomy and intubation came second and third respectively. This research confirmed the application and the effectiveness of cadaver for medical procedural training and the improvement of general medical procedural ability are expected if the cadaver is applied not only to medical schools but also to intern and resident physician training.

Analyzing SNS Usage Patterns of Medical Students / 계명의대학술지

University life can be stressful for even the most satisfied students. Especially medical school students have higher levels of stress. To manage their stress level and social connection, they are using SNS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SNS on medical students by analysis of SNS use pattern of medical students. In the analysis of the first grade of Medicine, 51 students (58.6%) posted on Facebook in the past year and posted a total of 1,452 articles (average: 28.5). We analyzed the content of the posts and found that most of them were celebrating a birthday (50%) or confirming their regards (18%). Next, there were other people's posts (10%) and travel posts (6%). Besides, there were profile photo upload (3%), school life (3%), romance (2%) or family (1%). Female students (16 times / 17 students) changed the profile pictures more frequently than male students (18 times / 34 students) (p = 0.003). There was no statistical significance in all items except for the change of profile picture according to sex. On the other hand, the analysis of the content of the share showed that most of the contents shared about humor (42%), food (15%) and music (14%). Most of the medical students used SNS primarily for social activities, not for educational purposes. Based on this analysis, there should be more research on how SNS can help medical students during medical education.

A Variant Extensor Pollicis Brevis Crossing the Anatomical Snuff Box / 계명의대학술지

During an educational dissection, accessory tendon of the extensor pollicis brevis muscle was found on the left side in a Korean cadaver. The abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and extensor pollicis longus muscles showed normal morphology and course: however, narrow muscle belly originated between the extensor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus muscles. It crossed the anatomical snuff box and then inserted on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. The author describes this previously novel case report and discusses the clinical implications of such a variant.

Muscular axillary arch accompanying variation of the musculocutaneous nerve: axillary arch / 대한해부학회지

Continuous attention has been developed on the anatomical variations of the axilla in anatomist and surgeon due to their clinical importance. The axillary region is an anatomical space between the lateral part of the chest wall and the medial aspect of the upper limb. During the routine dissection of embalmed cadavers, we found variant muscular slip originating from the lateral border of tendinous part of the latissimus dorsi and continuing 9 cm more crossing the axilla. And then, it inserted into the superior margin of the insertion of the pectoralis major. We considered this muscular variation as axillary arch muscle. Correct identification of the relevant anatomy and subsequent simple surgical division is curative, paying special attention to anatomical variations in this region and its clinical importance due to its close relationship to the neurovascular elements of the axilla.

Accessory Tendon of Biceps Brachii Originated from Pectoralis Major / 계명의대학술지

During an educational dissection, accessory tendon of the biceps brachii muscle was found on the right side in a Korean cadaver. The short and long heads showed normal morphology and course: however, narrow tendon was originated from the posterior border of the pectoralis major muscle and was inserted into the conjoined tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. The authors describe this previously novel case report and discusses the clinical implications of such a variant.

Variations of the cubital superficial vein investigated by using the intravenous illuminator / 대한해부학회지

The purpose of this study was to report variations of the cubital superficial vein patterns in the Korean subjects, which was investigated by using venous illuminator, AccuVein. The 200 Korean subjects were randomly chosen from the patients and staff of the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center in Daegu, Korea. After excluding the inappropriate cases for detecting venous pattern, we collected 174 cases of right upper limbs and 179 cases of left upper limbs. The superficial veins of the cubital fossa were detected and classified into four types according to the presence of the median cubital vein (MCV) or median antebrachial vein. The type II, presenting the both cephalic and basilic vein connected by the MCV, was most common (177 upper limbs, 50.1%). Although the most common type in male and female was different as type I (108 upper limbs, 49.3%) and type II (75 upper limbs, 56.0%), respectively, statistical significance was not detected (P=0.241). The frequency of the each types between right and left upper limbs was also not different (P=0.973). Among 154 subjects who were observed the venous pattern in the both upper limbs, 76 subjects (49.3%) had the same venous pattern. Using AccuVein to investigate the venous pattern has an advantage of lager scale examination compared to the cadaver study. Our results might be helpful for medical practitioner to be aware of the variation of the superficial cubital superficial vein.

Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Using Titanium Reinforced Goretex (TRG) and Titanium Mesh in Severe Alveolar Bone Loss Area: Case Report