A Case of Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy in Child With Down Syndrome With Obstructive Sleep Apnea / 대한이비인후과학회지

Children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show symptoms such as snoring, sleep apnea, and oral breathing. The diagnosis of the disease can be made through polysomnography and as the most common causes are tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T et A) are considered as initial treatment. OSA is an increasingly recognized problem in children with Down syndrome, who are more prone to facial hypoplasia, hypoplasia of the mandible, and have a large tongue. In OSA Down syndrome patients, T et A can be performed if tonsillar hypertrophy is present. However, because these patients have underlying diseases (atlatoaxial unstability, airway problem, heart problem, endocrine problem), general anesthesia may be difficult and cervical extension may be limited during the operation. We describe a case of 10-year-old child with Down syndrome and OSA, who underwent T et A under general anesthesia through multidisciplinary care.

Accidental intracerebral injection and seizure during scalp nerve blocks for awake craniotomy in a previously craniotomized patient: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

A 34-year-old man who previously underwent a craniotomy due to oligodendroglioma was admitted with a diagnosis of recurrent brain tumor. An awake craniotomy was planned. Approximately 15 minutes after completing the scalp nerve block, his upper torso suddenly moved and trembled for 10 seconds, suggesting a generalized clonic seizure. He recovered gradually and fully in 55 minutes without any neurological sequelae. The emergency computed tomography scan revealed a localized fluid collection and small intracerebral hemorrhage nearby in the temporoparietal cortex beneath the skull defect. He underwent surgery under general anesthesia at 8 hours after the seizure and was discharged from the hospital after 10 days. This report documents the first case of generalized seizure that was caused by the accidental intracerebral injection of local anesthetics. Although the patient recovered completely, the clinical implications regarding the scalp infiltration technique in a patient with skull defects are discussed.

Simplified equation for determining proper depth of peripherally inserted central catheter in relation to anatomical landmarks / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop a formula guiding the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) tip placement based on anatomical landmarks such as the upper arm, clavicle, and sternum as well as the patient’s height, weight, and body mass index. METHODS: Fifty-five patients who were scheduled to have PICCs were included in the study. We measured four distances along the passage of the PICC, which were as follows; the tip of the third finger to the middle of the elbow crease (Distance A), the middle of the elbow crease to the acromion process (Distance B), the acromion process to the sternal head of the clavicle (Distance C), and the sternal head of the clavicle to the end of the xiphoid process (Distance D). The lengths from the elbow creases to their carina bifurcations as determined by fluoroscopy during PICC insertions were recorded and used as reference. RESULTS: The formula for determining PICC depth based on the four distances was determined by regression analysis. The optimal formula was determined to be 25.3 + 0.5 × (Distance C) + 0.6 × (Distance D) which yielded an R2 value of 0.3. CONCLUSIONS: The formula proposed for proper depth of the adult, 25.0 + 0.5 × (clavicle length) + 0.6 × (sternum length) for PICC insertion can be used to place the tip at the carina bifurcation level. The distance from elbow crease to catheter insertion point should be added to the length generated by this formula.

Near-Normalized Gene Expression Profiles in Bladder With Detrusor Overactivity in Rats With Bladder Outlet Obstruction After Deobstruction / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: The pathophysiological role of detrusor overactivity (DO) in the bladder, which is commonly observed in various bladder diseases, is not well understood. DO appears in bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), and may continue even after subsequent deobstruction. DO therefore provides an excellent opportunity to observe molecular biological changes. METHODS: In this study, to understand the molecular effects of persistent DO after BOO induction and deobstruction, we performed awake cystometry on female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 groups: a sham group, a BOO group, a deobstructed group with DO after BOO (DDO), and a deobstructed group without DO after BOO (non-DDO). Total RNA was extracted from the bladder samples, and gene expression profiles were compared between the sham and model groups. RESULTS: DO was observed in 5 of the 6 rats (83%) in the BOO group, and in 6 of the 13 rats (46%) in the deobstructed group. The non-DDO group showed a significantly greater residual volume than the DDO group. Through a clustering analysis of gene expression profiles, we identified 7,532 common upregulated and downregulated genes, the expression of which changed by more than 2 fold. In the BOO group, 898 upregulated and 2,911 downregulated genes were identified. The non-DDO group showed 3,472 upregulated and 4,025 downregulated genes, whereas in the DDO group, only 145 and 72 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal function and gene expression profiles in bladders after BOO were normalized in the BOO rats with DO after deobstruction, whereas in those without DO, abnormal function persisted and the gene expression profile became more abnormal. DO may play a protective role against the stress to the bladder induced by BOO and deobstruction as a form of adaptive neuroplasticity.

A comparison of palonosetron and dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting in orthopedic patients receiving patient-controlled epidural analgesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the major concerns after anesthesia and surgery, and it may be more frequent in orthopedic patients receiving patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA). The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of palonosetron and dexamethasone on the prevention of PONV in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty and receiving PCEA. METHODS: Patients scheduled for total hip or knee arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia/PCEA were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous palonosetron (0.075 mg, n = 50) or dexamethasone (5 mg, n = 50). Treatments were administered intravenously to the patients 30 min before the beginning of surgery. The total incidence of PONV and incidence in each time period, severity of nausea, need for rescue anti-emetics, pain score, and adverse effects during the first 48 h postoperatively were evaluated. RESULTS: The total incidence of PONV was lower in the palonosetron group compared with the dexamethasone group (18.4% vs. 36.7%, P = 0.042), but there were no statistically significant differences in incidence between the groups at all time points. No significant intergroup differences were observed in the severity of nausea, use of rescue anti-emetics, pain score, and adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no significant differences in the incidence of PONV between the treatment groups at all time points, intravenous palonosetron reduced the total incidence of PONV in orthopedic patients receiving PCEA compared with dexamethasone.

Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil on Airway Reflex and Hemodynamic Changes during Recovery after Craniotomy

PURPOSE: During emergence from anesthesia for a craniotomy, maintenance of hemodynamic stability and prompt evaluation of neurological status is mandatory. The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on airway reflex and hemodynamic change in patients undergoing craniotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four patients undergoing clipping of unruptured cerebral aneurysm were recruited. In the dexmedetomidine group, patients were administered dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg) for 5 minutes, while the patients of the remifentanil group were administered remifentanil with an effect site concentration of 1.5 ng/mL until endotracheal extubation. The incidence and severity of cough and hemodynamic variables were measured during the recovery period. Hemodynamic variables, respiration rate, and sedation scale were measured after extubation and in the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU). RESULTS: The incidence of grade 2 and 3 cough at the point of extubation was 62.5% in the dexmedetomidine group and 53.1% in the remifentanil group (p=0.39). Mean arterial pressure (p=0.01) at admission to the PACU and heart rate (p=0.04 and 0.01, respectively) at admission and at 10 minutes in the PACU were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group. Respiration rate was significantly lower in the remifentanil group at 2 minutes (p<0.01) and 5 minutes (p<0.01) after extubation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that a single bolus of dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg/kg) and remifentanil infusion have equal effectiveness in attenuating coughing and hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm clipping; however, dexmedetomidine leads to better preservation of respiration.

Comparison of the antiemetic effect of ramosetron with ondansetron in patients undergoing microvascular decompression with retromastoid craniotomy: a preliminary report / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Microvascular decompression with retromastoid craniotomy carries an especially high risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. In this study, we compare the antiemetic efficacy of ramosetron and ondansetron in patients undergoing microvascular decompression with retromastoid craniotomy. METHODS: Using balanced anesthesia with sevoflurane and remifentanil infusion, ondansetron 8 mg (group O, n = 31) or ramosetron 0.3 mg (group R, n = 31) was administered at the dural closure. The incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting, required rescue medications and the incidence of side effects were measured at post-anesthetic care unit, 6, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively. Independent t-tests and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: There were no differences in the demographic data between groups, except for a slightly longer anesthetic duration of group R (P = 0.01). The overall postoperative 48 hour incidences of nausea and vomiting were 93.6 and 61.3% (group O), and 87.1 and 51.6% (group R), respectively. Patients in group R showed a less severe degree of nausea (P = 0.02) and a lower incidence of dizziness (P = 0.04) between 6 and 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive efficacy of ramosetron when used for postoperative nausea and vomiting was similar to that of ondansetron up to 48 hours after surgery in patients undergoing microvascular decompression with retromastoid craniotomy. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm our findings.

Efficacy of intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion on visualization of the surgical field in endoscopic sinus surgery / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: In endoscopic sinus surgery, visualization of the surgical field is a major concern, as surgical bleeding is the cause of many complications. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on the visualization of the surgical field in endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: Forty-three patients were prospectively enrolled and randomly allocated to the dexmedetomidine or remifentanil group and general anesthesia was induced and maintained using a propofol target-controlled infusion. In the dexmedetomidine group, dexmedetomidine was loaded for 5 min and a continuous infusion was administered. In the remifentanil group, a remifentanil target-controlled infusion was used. After completion of the operation, the satisfaction with the visualization of the surgical field was assessed on a numeric rating scale, from 0 (= worst) to 10 (= best). The mean blood pressure, heart rate, recovery profiles, and postoperative pain score were recorded. RESULTS: Satisfaction score for visualization by numeric rating scale was not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.95). There were no differences in the mean blood pressure and heart rate. The extubation time was significantly shorter in the dexmedetomidine group (8.4 +/- 1.8 min) than in the remifentanil group (11.9 +/- 5.4 min) (P = 0.04). Except for the extubation time, the recovery profiles of the two groups were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous infusions of dexmedetomidine provide a similar visualization of the surgical field and hemodynamic stability as remifentanil target-controlled infusions in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery.

Anesthetic management of a 6 month-old infant for near total pancreatectomy with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia / 대한마취과학회지

No abstract available.

Anesthetic management for neonate with giant cystic hygroma involved upper airway: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Significant differences exist between neonatal and adult airways. Anesthetic management of the airway may be challenging in neonate and young infant with large neck mass because these patients are at risk for sudden complete airway occlusion resulting in hypoventilation and hypoxemia. We experienced a 30-day-old baby presented with large cystic hygroma on the left side of neck. This mass was infiltrated in pharynx and large enough to disturb swallowing and breathing, and was not reduced despite of sclero-therapy. Therefore he was decided to get surgical removal. During the gaseous induction with sevoflurane, spontaneous respiration was maintained because difficulty was encountered with intubation. Intraoperatively, the endotracheal tube was dislodged unexpectedly because vigorous surgical traction. Postoperatively the baby was extubated 2 day after operation, and suffered from transient facial nerve palsy and continuous discharge from surgical wound. He was administered ICU for a long time.