Antimicrobial activity for excretion and secretion of the greenbottle fly larvae lucilia sericata [meigen] [diptera: calliphoridae]

Sterile larval excretion/secretion [ES] exhibited antibacterial activity against some species of bacteria. They were shown to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Fungi Geotricum candidum and Aspergillus fumigatus thus exhibited limited inhibitory effect towards Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative Proteous vulgaris and Fungi Syncephalastrum racemosum, Candida albicans, that effect was slowed down when challenged with secretion on a solid media but no zone of complete inhibition was detected. Growth inhibiting activity was determined in liquid growth media using the Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains as indicator organisms

Chitosan nanoparticles prepared from lucilia cuprina maggots as antibacterial agent

Chitosan were prepared from cuticle of Lucilia cuprina maggots with two steps; deproteinization and deacetylation. It was characterized with solubility and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy [FT-IR]. Chitosan was ball-milled to obtain the chitosan nanoparticles which characterized with dynamic light scattering [DLS] and transmission electron microscope [TEM]. Chitosan nanoparticles with degree of deacetylation [DDA] 80.5% were showed antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. The mode of action of chitosan nanoparticles on the tested bacteria was studied by TEM. Leakage of some cell contents, cell deformation mi rupture of cell were observed, therefore, the chitosan nanoparticles were observed to be a powerful antibacterial agent

Antimicrobial activities of chitosan nanoparticles prepared from lucilia cuprina maggots [diptera: calliphoridae]

Chitosan nanoparticles were studied as antimicrobial agent. The antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles were investigated against three Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, and three Gram-positive bacteria; Staphylococus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pyogenes. The antifungal activity were examined against three fungi; Geotrichum candidum, Candida krusei and Candida parapsilosis. The antiviral activities were tested against three viruses; Rift Valley Fever [RVFV], Herpes simplex-1 [HSV-1] and Coxsackie viruses. Chitosan nanoparticles were inhibited all bacteria and fungi except E.faecalis seemed to be resistant strain. Infectivity titers of all viruses were reduced by chitosan nanoparticles, which are a natural antimicrobial agent

Altababa medical volunteer group mission to Almanagil hospital, Sudan: new ideas for long-term partnership, success factors and guidelines for other groups

Sudanese medical volunteers have a long history of working in districts with poor health-care infrastructure. Altababa medical volunteer group [AMVG] was established by Sudanese physicians working in Saudi Arabia who desired to contribute to improving clinical services and training in their country of origin. This paper documents steps in the planning and evaluation of AMVG's first mission to Almanagil hospital in Sudan in 2013. Over a 3-day period the visiting team of 4 physicians performed 25 laparoscopic surgical and obstetric/gynaecological procedures and 36 echocardiogram tests-all with hands-on training-presented 11 lectures and consulted with 137 patients. A total of 247 trainees and patients completed a 22-item evaluation survey. The first mission was highly rated by both trainees [health-care providers] and patients. The results provided a road map for volunteers to accomplish cost-effective goals in small hospitals with modest facilities

using of lucilia cuprina maggots in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds

In the present study, Lucilia cuprina maggots were used for the treatment of diabetic foot wounds. An artificial wound was made in diabetic foot of rabbit. The maggots were sterilized arid put directly on the wound after dressing the wound without using any antibiotics. Several cycles of maggots were put on the wound. The present results showed that the treatment of the diabetic foot was observed after 13 days. After this period the wound was completely healed and become free of microbial contamination. The new tissues were observed to close the wound

Repellent effect of lagenaria siceraria extracts against culex pipiens

Ethanolic, acetone and petroleum ether extracts from leaves and stems of Lagenaria siceraria [Cucurbitaceae] were screened for their repellency effect against Culex pipiens L. mosquito. The repellent action of the present plant extracts were varied depending on the plant parts and the dose of extract. The petroleum ether extract of leaves showed the same repellency percent [100%] of commercial formulation, N. N.'diethyl toulamide [DEBT] at the higher dose [3.33 mg/cm[2]], while petroleum ether extract from stems exhibiting the repellent action [89.6%] at the same dose, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems exhibited the lowest repellent activity as it recorded [81.3% and 69.1%] at [6.67 mg/cm[2]], respectively. Results of this study may contribute to design an alternative way to control mosquitoes currently based on applications of synthetic insecticides. These extracts could be developed commercially as an effective personal protection measure against mosquito bites and thus to control diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens

Effects of midgut bacteria and two protease inhibitors on the reproductive potential and midgut enzymes of culex pipiens infected with wuchereria bancrofti

Laboratory investigations were carried out to asses the effect of some proteases inhibitors on the reproductive potential of Culex pipiens females resulted from larvae treated with different protease inhibitors. The fecundity and engorgement of symbiotic and aposymbiotic C. pipiens females were significantly reduced. The blood meal digestion period increased significantly. On the other hand, enzyme band with molecular weight of 40 KDa which may be cysteine protease was detected in untreated symbiotic and aposymbiotic female midguts. The results may explain that the absence of this enzyme bands in treated female midguts may be due to the inhibition caused by [E-64] a cysteine protease inhibitor

Effects of midgut bacteria and two protease inhibitors on the transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by the mosquito vector, culex pipiens

Laboratory investigations were carried out to study the effect of two protease inhibitors on the transmission of W. bancrofti filarial by Culex pipiens and to study the susceptibility interaction between filaria and protease inhibitors. The results obtained revealed that, infection rates were variable among untreated and treated symbiotic and aposymbiotic Cx. pipiens females resulted from third instar larvae treated with E-64 and EDTA. The survival rate was variable among untreated and treated symbiotic and aposymbiotic females resulted from third instar larvae treated with E-64 and EDTA. Protease inhibitor [E-64] caused inhibition of the parasite development and transmission by means of ceasing catalytic activity- responsible for parasite migration-caused by parasitic larval stages inside the mosquito vector

effect of Sitagliptin [Januvia] on the liver of adult albino rats in cases of experimental diabetes mellitus[microscopic and laboratory studies]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Sitagliptin [Januvia] on the liver of experimentally induced diabetes in albino rats. Fifteen adult male albino rats were used and divided into three equal groups. The first group was considered as a control group. In the second group experimental induction of diabetes was performed by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan and left as a diabetic control for three weeks. The third group was consisted of rats of experimentally induced diabetes and treated by a daily dose of Sitagliptin [Januvia] as oral anti diabetic therapy for three weeks. Two main parameters were performed; the first was microscopic and histochemical studies on the liver tissue while the second was laboratory evaluation of some liver functions. The hepatic tissue was affected by the experimental induction of diabetes in the form of cellular infiltration, hepatic cell cords disarrangement and vascular congestion after three weeks of induction. The fibrous elements as well as mucopolysaccharides contents were greatly reduced. Histochemical changes in the liver enzymes showed mild decrease. Liver function tests showed mild changes. Diabetic changes were gradually returned back to its normal state after the use of daily oral dose of Sitagliptin. The antidiabetic drug [Sitagliptin] could be considered a good therapy in limiting the risk of diabetes Mellitus on liver tissue

[Enhancing the dissolution rate of felodipine by mechanical activation]

This research aimed to study the effect of mechanical activation [Slugging and Milling "SM"] on the physiochemical properties of the Felodipine with hydrophilic polymer was studied. Two types of PhysicalMixtures [PM] was prepared: The first one was physical mixture of Felodipine with poly ethylene glycol [PEG6000] and / or surfactant which is poloxamer [POL], and the second one was physical mixture of Felodipine with poly vinyl pyrolidine [PVP] and / or surfactant which is poloxamer. Then slugging and milling [SM] was made for each mixture. To know the effect of SM on the physiochemical properties of the previous prepared mixture, a comparison between each mixture before and after SM was made, by using differential scanning calorimetry [DSC], Fourier Transmission Infrared [FTIR] and X-ray diffractometry. The effect of [SM] on the mechanochemistry of each material was studied by comparison the DSC scan for each material alone before and after SM. Finally the physical interaction between polymer [PEG or PVP] and surfactant [POL] was studied. The result of DSC showed that is a physical interaction between polymer and Felodipine in case of SM, but this interaction were absent in case of the physical mixture. The result of DSC also showed the effect of SM on the mechanochemistry of the used material. The result of FTIR showed a hydrophilic interaction between Felodipine and polymer in case of SM and also showed a significant interaction between polymer [PVP] and surfactant [POL]. Finally the result of X-ray showed that Felodipine remains in his crystal form after SM

CD44V6 and K167 expression in nodal and disseminated

CD44 is a multifunctional cell surface adhesion molecule family, expressed in many cell types. High expression of the standard CD44s and its variant form CD44v6 has been reported to be associated with tumor dissemination in non Hodgkin 's lymphoma The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD44v6 and Ki67 in disseminated and localized nodal B-cell lymphomas, and their relation to tumor histopathological grading and clinical staging. We examined 70 cases of B-cell NHL [36 disseminated, stages IlI IV and 34 nodal, stages I, H]for expression of CD44v6 and Ki67 immunohistochemically. We found that CD44v6 was expressed in [18/70 cases, 25.7%] of the studied group with 14 cases from the CD44v6 positive cases of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma type, p<0. 005]. Ki67 was expressed in [58/70 cases, 82.8%] of the studied cases with [48 Ki67 positive cases] of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma type, p<0.005]. We concluded that CD44v6 expression is associated with lymphoma cell dissemination, advanced clinical stage and high histological grading

Snake bite envenomation: experience at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh

We surveyed the records of 21 of the 28 snakebite victims seen at King Fahad National Guard Hospital in Riyadh over the 20-year period 1986-2005. The most common symptoms were local pain and swelling and the most common signs oedema and tenderness. Neurotoxicity was not noted in any case. Coagulopathy was recorded for 14/21 patients [66.7%] and 5/19 [26.4%] had leukocytosis. All patients were given tetanus toxoid [100%] and 20 [95.2%] received antivenom. Blood products were administered in 2 cases and prophylactic antibiotics in 10 [47.6%]. No allergic reaction to antivenom was reported

Effect of chemical composition of zinc phosphating solution on phosphate coating properties

Phosphate coatings have a wide field of applications in industry. The applications of coatings are classified according to the film thickness and the type of solution employed. In this study the phosphating process in the zinc-phosphating-nitrate accelerator on steel gave a phosphating layer of suitable morphology which was investigated by different instruments like SEM/EDS and XRD. The crystal size and the thickness of phosphating layer were found to be iron content dependent. Therefore, adjusting of phosphate, zinc and iron concentrations is very important to get a suitable phosphating effective process. The aim of the present work is to control the iron concentration in the phosphating bath in order to improve the quality and adhesive properties of zinc phosphating coating on steel sheets that always used for military purposes in Helwan Engineering Company in Egypt

Histological and histochemical study of testicular tissue used in cases of [ICSI] [intra cytoplasmic sperm injection]

The advances in the technology of in vitro fertilization [IVF] increases the incidence of success in treatment cases of infertile patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Evaluation of the microscopic changes in the obtained testicular samples was one of the main aims in this study for better prognosis of the results. In this study one hundred human testicular biopsies were obtained from Islamic reproductive centre and Department of Urology Al-Hussein University Hospital. Cases in this study were classified into 4 groups: Group I includes 5 cases of normal fertile persons free of any medical problems and with normal seminal parameters. Patients consent was performed before sampling. Group II includes 35 cases of infertile obstructive azoospermic patients. All of the rest of cases [60] were considered infertile non-obstructive azoospermic cases and were included in both the third and the fourth groups. Group III: includes 20 cases of infertile non-obstructive positive patients. Group IV: includes 40 cases of infertile non-obstructive negative patients. Cases were either of normal sized testis or of hypoplastic testis and were subdivided into the following subgroups: I- Cases with normal sized testes [30] infertile patients: Group IV A: Normal sized testis with arrested spermatogenesis; Group IV B: Normal sized testis with SCOS; Group IVC: Normal sized testis with mixed atrophy. II- Cases with hypoplastic testes [10] infertile patients: Group IV D: Hypoplastic testis. The testicular samples were prepared for Histological and Histochemical examination. Different staining techniques were used: 1- Haematoxylin and Eosin stain; 2- Mallory's trichrome stain; and 3- Histochemical techniques: a- Periodic acid Schiff [PAS] technique. B- Methyl green pyronin. The obtained results showed no Morphological changes in group II except mild vascular dilation and congested peritubular capillaries. Cases of non-obstructive positive azoospermia showed reduced number of spermatogenic layers while cases of group IVa showed reduced size of the tubules and lined only by Sertoli cells and there was marked reduction in the number of leydig cells. In this study there were definite histochemical changes observed in both the PAS positive material and the nucleic acid in the different elements of the obtained testicular samples, Clinical and microscopic evaluations in this study could be of complementary importance and may increases of the incidence of success

Effect of Artemesia plant on parasite load and morbidity in murine Schistosomiasis mansoni

The efficacy of Artemesia inculta and A. absinthium, on oogram changes, tissue egg load and hepatic granuloma was evaluated in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. The ethanol extract of each plant was given in a dose of 800mg/kg b.w. to all treated groups at different time intervals 7 week's, post infection [P.I.] and 24 hrs, 7 and 15 days post infection. Their effect was more obvious when the plant extract was given 24 hrs, 7 and 15 days post infection; where the number of dead ova was 15.95 +/- 0.49 [A. inculta] and 15.80 +/- 0.45 [A. absinthium] compared to 12.03 +/- 0.0 and 14.00 +/- 0.42 when both extracts where given respectively 7 week P.I. Concerning the number of ova/gm liver, the percentage reduction was 38.14% and 43.46% when [A. inculta and A. absinthium] extracts were given 24 hrs, 7 and 15 days post infection compared to 5.25% and 12.78% where both extracts were given respectively 7 weeks P.I. Histopathological effect of A. inculta and A. absinthium, on liver 7 weeks P.I. revealed that granulomas were lobular, cellular with mild fibrous tissue and large in size, while when treatment was 24hrs, 7 and 15 days post infection., smaller granulomas, with more fibrous and normal dilated portal veins, liver architecture was noticed. In conclusion the use of repeated doses of Artemesia plants in the early stages of schistosomiasis infection may be of value in overcoming the recent problem of reinfection, they are less castly and more safe than other antibilharzial drugs, with minimal side effects as revealed by the histopathological studies

[Simulation of endoscopic procedures: an innovation to improve laparoscopic technical skills]

Laparoscopic surgery is a technically more demanding procedure compared to open surgery. Safe realistic training and unbiased quantitative assessment of technical skills are required for laparoscopic surgery. Virtual reality [VR simulators may he useful tools for training and assessing basic and advanced surgical skills and procedures to assess the acquisition of laparoscopic skills using virtual reality simulators systematic review of the literature. The simulator can be used to objectively assess the laparoscopic skills of surgeons and distinguish between novices and experienced laparoscopic surgeons. [Evidence level III-B]. 2. The target group as well as the benefit of a three-day poetical course for laparoscopic surgery can be determined by the simulator [Evidence level III-C]. 3. Novices in laparoscopic surgery seem to benefit mostly from simulation training [Evidence level III-B]. 4. Steepness and plateau of a learning curve may be more dependent on the level of performance required by the particular training session rather than the number of repetitions during a training session. [Evidence level III-B]. 5. Clinical background and understanding of the clinical value of a training program lead to faster acquisition and improvement of laparoscopic skills. As performed on the laparoscopy simulator [Evidence level III-B]. 6. Non technical skills such as visual-spatial perception and stress coping positively correlates with virtual laparoscopic skills [Evidence level III-B]. To date, the best method for teaching laparoscopic surgery has not been defined. However. the use of virtual simulators for laparoscopy training is useful when learning basic techniques allow the surgeon to improve hand dexterity and coordination in laparoscopic surgery

Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor-1 in chronic schistosomal urinary bladder lesions

Over expression of growth factors including epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], have been implicated in bladder cancer biology. This study was conducted in a trial to a better understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying the proliferative, the premalignant and malignant changes frequently displayed in chronic schistosomal cystitis [ChSC] and schitosoma associated carcinoma of the bladder. The study included 58 Egyptian patients [15 ChSC and 43 bladder cancer], and 5 normal urothelial specimens as control. The bladder cancer specimens were selected included adjacent normal mucosa or dysplastic areas [27 squamous cell carcinoma SCC and 16 transitional cell carcinoma TCC]. Level of expression of EGFR was analyzed using an immunohistochemical approach and the results compared with histological pattern, grading and pathological staging. In normal epithelium EGFR expression was only limited to the basal layer, but in dysplastic epithelium adjacent to tumour tissue all cells stained for EGFR. Bilharzial associated TCC exhibit very low expression, EGFR expression was weak cytoplasmic or even absent. The majority of SCC expressed strong membrane staining for EGFR and almost all cells were positive for the receptor. However, the intensity of staining was increasing with a significant statistical correlation with grade [p < 0.01] and with invasiveness of the tumour [p < 0.001]. In conclusion over expression of EGFR [high intensity] in human bladder cancer may be associated with poor differentiation and with invasion that could be implicated in the pathway of oncogenesis for schitosoma associated SCC of the bladder

Role of survivin in glioma progression: a clinico-pathological study

Gliomas are among the most aggressive of all human malignancies. Glioblastoma multitbrme is the most malignant histopathological subtype. Survivin is one of the inhibitors of apoptosis. It is over-expressed in many human cancers. We performed clinical and pathological study aimed to clarify its role in glioma progression. Gliomas are among the most aggressive of all human malignancies. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant histo-pathological subtype. Survivin is one of the inhibitors of apoptosis. It is over-expressed in many human cancers. We performed clinical and pathological study aimed to clarify its role in glioma progression. This study included 34 glioma patients. Clinical evaluation including age, sex, clinical presentation and location of the tumor, was done. Sections from glioma specimens were stained with H and E, classified and graded according to WHO classification, [2000] and then immunostained to detect Survivin protein expression. The study included 34 glioma cases. Survivin was expressed to a variable extent in most groups of gliomas [in 21/24, 1/4, 1/1 and 5/5 cases of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, mixed oligoastrocytoma and ependymomas respectively]. Survivin expression showed gradual up-regulation with increasing grade of astrocytomas from pilocytic astrocytomas [66.7%] [right arrow] diffuse astrocytomas [77.8%] [right arrow] anaplastic astrocytomas [100%] [right arrow] glioblastoma multiforme [100%]. This study showed that there is a strong correlation between the distribution and staining intensity of Survivin protein expression and the tumor grade [P< value< 0.01 and < 0.00 respectively]. Also there is a strong correlation hetueen Survivin protein expression as evidenced by immunoreactivity score [IRS] and tumor grade and proliferative activity [P value< 0.00 and <0.002 respectively]. Survivin plays an important role in the initiation of gliomas and their progression towards higher grades

Hormonal profile as a prognostic index for patients with 1[st] trimesteric threatened abortion

Evidence in the literature is unclear to the exact predictive value of biochemical markers in determining the persistence of threatened abortions. Twenty pregnant women in the 1[st] trimesters, with demonstrable fetal heart pulsations that complained of symptoms, and showed signs of threatened abortion, were included in this prospective, controlled, clinical study. This cohort was divided according to whether or not the pregnancy continued into two groups: Group A1 [N=15] that included patients that had an ongoing pregnancy and Group A2 [N=5] that included patients that had an ineirtabl abortion. A control group of twenty randomly chosen healthy women was used as a control group [Group B]. On the day of inclusion, venous blood samples were taken in order to estimate serum CA-125, hCG, progesterone and estradiol levels, Participants were followed up clinically till the gestational age of 14 weeks to distinguish those who had an ongoing pregnancy compared to those who eventually aborted. Of the twenty patients with threatened abortion fifteen aborted and five continued to fourteen weeks gestation. CA-125 levels were higher, and BHCG, progesterone, and E2 levels were lower, in Group A1 when compared to Group A2 and Group B. Maternal serum CA-125, BHCG, progesterone and estrogen may be of value in predicting patients that will gain from expectant management of threatened abortion

Evaluation of molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activity of two species of Egyptiana Plant in schistosomiasis inansoni

The present study showed that the two plants Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia inculta as cold or boiled water suspensions of their dry powder were nontoxic against Biomphalaria Alexandrina snails. On the other hand, the ethanol extracts of A. absinthium and A. inculta were effective as molluscicides against B. Alexandrina, and the LC9O being 250 ppm and 400 ppm respectively, after 24 hours of exposure. It was observed that these LC9O values killed Schistosoma mansoni ova after 15 minutes of exposure. The free living larval stages of S. mansoni [miracidia and cercariae]. were killed after 30 and 45 minutes of exposure to LC90 of A. obsinthium and A. inculta respectively. The use of A. absimthium and A. inculta ethanol extracts for treatment of murine schistosomiasis mansoni was studied using different doses of 500 mg I kg, 700 mg /kg and 800 mg I kg to investigate the effect of either extract against immature stages, each dose was given as single oral dose 24 hours post infection, then 7 days post infection and lastly 15 days post infection. To study the effect of A. absinthium and A. inculta against adult Schistosorna worms, each dose of the ethanol extracts was given 7 weeks post infection as single oral dose. The percentages of reduction in mean worm burden 9 weeks post infection in animals treated with either A. absinthium or A. inculta, 7 weeks post infection with a single oral dose of 800 mg/kg, were 39.5% and 38.7% respectively. Moreover, the percentage of reduction in mean number of worms 9 weeks post infection reached 77.32% and 74.9%, respectively by using the same dose [800 mg/kg] for three successive treatment schedule, 24 hours, 7 days and 15 days post infection. Also, the mean number of eggs excreted in stool was significantly decreased with the use of both plants for the all designated time intervals. It is concluded that treatment with the ethanol extracts of Artemisia plants showed high efficacy when given early and in repeated doses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni