Split half reliability of modified hand test

Objective: To establish psychometrics of main study entitled "Adaptation, Modification and Development of Norms of Hand Test in Pakistan." Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of the study: Government College University, Lahore, from Jan 2017 to Jun 2017

Material and Methods: Modified version of Hand Test consisting of fourteen stimuli were administered to a sample of 500 participants which were selected from various cities of Pakistan. Participants were bifurcated into 350 normal, 50 maladjusted, neurotic and psychotic each age ranged from 11 to 80 years with [M=34.44 +/- SD=17.34. In the present study, four new stimuli were adapted through a pilot study comprising 100 participants [50 normal and 50 psychotics] on the criteria of stimulus ability to generate responses in more scoring categories as well as varied range of responses. These four stimuli were divided into two groups, group one consisted of stimulus 1,3,5,7,9,11 and 13 whereas group two consisted of stimulus 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14

Results: Cronbach alpha was computed for the entire sample as well as for the above-mentioned groups. It remained moderate for combined scoring categories as overall for interpersonal as r=0.39, environmental as r=25, maladjustive as r=36 and withdrawal as r=54 Cronbach alpha remained high for other scoring categories and groups including action for neurotic=0.86, crippled for maladjusted r=65, direction for normal r=62, aggression for psychotic r=60, bizarre for maladjusted, psychotic and overall r=72, 0.84 and 0.83 respectively

Conclusion: Modified version of Hand Test provided promising results in terms of split half reliability and discrimination across categories of sample

Test-retest reliability of modified hand test

The present study -was carried out to establish the test-retest reliability of Modified Hand Test [Anjum and Batool, 2017]. A total of 50 participants were selected for retest in random fashion from a larger sample of 500 participants. The ages of the participants ranged from 11 years to 70 years with mean age of 34.42 [+/-SD =17.17]. The sample was retested with an average period of three and half months. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient remained statistically significant at . 01 level for six categories: affection [r= .61], direction [r= .56], description [r= .54], bizarre [r=.48], communication [r= .44], and tension r= (.40) respectively. Further, correlation coefficient is demonstrated to be significant at .05 level for four categories: crippled [r= .34], aggression [r=.30], fear [r=.29] and failure [r- .20]. Moreover, for remaining four categories the correlation coefficient is found to be insignificant: action [r= .23], dependence [r= .19], passive [r=.09], and acquisition [r=.08]. The satisfactory results of present study are an encouraging factor for researchers to use modified version of Hand Test in future studies

Prevalence of malocclusion and its relationship with dental caries in a sample of Pakistani school children

Malocclusion is one of the most prevalent dental problems observed in children which may cause oral health problems, loss of function and psychosocial problems related to impaired dentofacial aesthetics. Malocclusion and dental caries have a negative impact on Oral Health Related Quality of Life [OHRQoL]. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries in school children, using Index Of Orthodontic Treatment Need [Dental Health Component] IOTN [DHC] and Decayed, Missing, Filled,Teeth [DMFT] score.Also to evaluate any relationship between malocclusion/ orthodontic treatment need and dental caries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 574 school children aged 11 to 16 years having permanent dentition, no history of orthodontic treatment and no dental anomalies. Each student's number of DMFT was computed and the IOTN [DHC] was recorded based on contact point displacement only. Results of the current study which comprised of 574 school children, with 320 males and 254 females, exhibited a mean IOTN grade of 2.4 +/- 1.016 and a mean DMFT score of 2.57 +/- 2.7. The prevalence of malocclusion was found to be 75.6% while the prevalence of dental caries was 64.6%. The Pearson correlation coefficient found a significant correlation between IOTN and DMFT scores. The brushing frequency and gender did not correlate with DMFT scores, while sugar intake, age and SES had a significant correlation with DMFT. Taking IOTN into consideration, age and diet showed no correlation with it, whereas gender and Socio Economic Status [SES] status displayed a significant correlation with IOTN grades. The current study yielded a significant correlation between malocclusion and dental caries. Healthy diet and proper brushing technique are important to maintain a healthy dentition, despite the presence of malocclusion

Malocclusion and its relationship with dental caries in a sample of Pakistani school children

Malocclusion is one of the most prevalent dental problems observed in children which may cause oral health problems, loss of function and psychosocial problems related to impaired dentofacial aesthetics. Malocclusion and dental caries have a negative impact on Oral Health Related Quality of Life [OHRQoL]. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries in school children, using Index Of Orthodontic Treatment Need [Dental Health Component] IOTN [DHC] and Decayed, Missing, Filled,Teeth [DMFT] score. Also to evaluate any relationship between malocclusion/ orthodontic treatment need and dental caries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 574 school children aged 11 to 16 years having permanent dentition, no history of orthodontic treatment and no dental anomalies. Each student's number of DMFT was computed and the IOTN [DHC] was recorded based on contact point displacement only. Results of the current study which comprised of 574 school children, with 320 males and 254 females, exhibited a mean IOTN grade of 2.4 +/- 1.016 and a mean DMFT score of 2.57 +/- 2.7. The prevalence of malocclusion was found to be 75.6% while the prevalence of dental caries was 64.6%. The Pearson correlation coefficient found a significant correlation between IOTN and DMFT scores. The brushing frequency and gender did not correlate with DMFT scores, while sugar intake, age and SES had a significant correlation with DMFT. Taking IOTN into consideration, age and diet showed no correlation with it, whereas gender and Socio Economic Status [SES] status displayed a significant correlation with IOTN grades. The current study yielded a significant correlation between malocclusion and dental caries. Healthy diet and proper brushing technique are important to maintain a healthy dentition, despite the presence of malocclusion

Frequency of simultaneous presence of dental caries in mandibular first permanent molar and its antimere in children of Lahore Cantt

The study was a cross sectional observational study undertaken to evaluate the frequency of dental caries in mandibular first molar and its antimere in the opposite mandibular quadrant in eight to ten years old children seen at 28 Military Dental Centre. The study involved 100 male and 100 female children of age 6-10 Years. 80[80%] males exhibited evidence of simultaneous presence of dental caries in mandibular first permanent molar and its antimere while 20[20%] males did not show any evidence. 85[85%] females exhibited evidence of simultaneous presence of dental caries in mandibular first permanent molar and its antimere while 15[15%] females did not show any evidence. Dental caries is frequently observed in the antimere of mandibular permanent first molar when the dental caries involves mandibular permanent first molar

Chediak-higashi syndrome presenting in accelerated phase

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome [CHS] is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by silver hair, recurrent infections, partial oculo-cutaneous albinism, mild coagulation defect and progressive neuropathy. The characteristic feature of CHS is the presence of huge lysosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions within different body cells like the white blood cells. The disease has an early onset but usually presents in an accelerated phase. We present a case of a 2 years old boy with high grade fever, bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal distention of 28 days duration. He was diagnosed with Chediak-Higashi syndrome in accelerated phase on the basis of clinical presentation, morphological findings on peripheral blood film and bone marrow aspirate

Relationship between dental arch widths and mandibular plane angle in untreated adults with skeletal class II malocclusion

To investigate the arch width in untreated Class II subjects with average and high mandibular plane angles. Cross sectional comparative study. The study was conducted in the orthodontics department of Armed forces institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi from Sep 2008 to March 2009. Pretreatment dental casts and cephalograms of skeletal class II patients with complete set of permanent dentition except third molars reporting to the OPD of Orthodontic department were selected. Records of 60 patients [30 high angle, 30 normal angle] were randomly selected out of the 240 records studied. Intermolar and intercanine widths were measured in millimeters using digital calipers. Mandibular plane angle was measured from cephalometric tracings using the SN Mandibular plane [CoGn SN] angle as used in Steiner's analysis. The mean intermolar width for the normal angle group was 49.18 +/- 2.69 mm and 48.56 +/- 4.44mm for the high angle group. The mean intercanine width for the normal angle group was 34.41 +/- 2.33mm and for the high angle group it was 33.13 +/- 2.60mm. Independent t test failed to show any significant [p > 0.05] difference in the IMW between normal and high angle patients. However a significant [p < 0.05] difference was observed in the intercanine width of the normal and high angle groups. In our study there was no significant difference of intermolar width whereas significant difference of intercanine width was found between normal and high angle cases

Comparison of upper and lower pharyngeal airway space in class II high and low angle cases

Normal airway is one of the important factors for the normal growth of the craniofacial structures. Skeletal features such as retrusion of the maxilla and mandible and vertical maxillary excess in hyperdivergent patients may lead to narrower anteroposterior dimensions of the airway. The purpose of this study was to compare the widths of the upper and lower pharyngeal airways in Class II malocclusion patients with low and high vertical growth patterns. The sample comprised sixty five class II subjects divided into 2 groups: thirty three Class II high angle and thirty two Class II low angle. The upper and lower pharyngeal airways were assessed according to McNamara's airways analysis. Independent t-test was used to compare upper and lower airway space in Class II high and low growth patterns. Independent t-test showed a statistically significant difference [p < 0.05] in upper and lower airway space between the two groups, showing that in class II high angle cases, both upper and lower airway space is narrow than in low angle cases. Subjects with Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns have significantly narrower upper and lower pharyngeal airways than those with Class II malocclusions and horizontal growth patterns. Narrow pharyngeal airway is one of the predisposing factors for mouth breathing and Obstructive sleep apnoea [OSA]

Correlation of upper airway space and maxillary intermolar width

To access the relation between upper airway space and maxillary intermolar width. A descriptive study. The study was carried out at the orthodontics department of Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi. The study was conducted at orthodontics department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry. Study casts and lateral cephalograms of 12 to 14 years old skeletal Class II patients with no previous history of orthodontic treatment or air way related surgery were included in the study. Upper airway space was measured on the cephalograms as described by McNamara Jr. Maxillary inter molar width was measured on the corresponding study casts using a digital caliper. Pearson's correlation i.e r=0.18 showed a direct [r = 0.21] but insignificant [P > 0.05] correlation between upper airway space and maxillary intermolar width. This study failed to show any correlation between maxillary intermolar width and upper airway space, as has been postulated by some researchers

Root resorption of permanent incisors during three months of active orthodontic treatment

Root resorption is one of the most common and undesirable sequelea of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of root resorption in permanent incisors during 3 month active period of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy using periapical radiographs. Periapical radiographs of a total of 138 permanent teeth [n=138, mandibular n1=52, maxillary n2=86] were evaluated for root resorption. All patients were treated with 3M MBT multibonded, pre-adjusted appliances with 0.022 inch slots. Initial levelling and alignment was achieved with 0.0175 inch co-axial wires. All four incisors [maxillary and mandibular] were measured for any change in root length. The change in root length between T[o] [pre-treatment] and T1 [post-treatment] was measured in millimetres and expressed in terms of percentage of original root length. The mean pre treatment [T[o]] root length for the maxillary teeth [n1=62] was 19.27 +/- 2.86 mm and 20.01 +/- 2.57 mm for the mandibular teeth [n2=31]. The post-treatment [T[1]] root length for the maxillary teeth was 18.96 +/- 2.85 mm and 19.49 +/- 2.4 mm for the mandibular teeth showing a mean resorption of 0.31 mm and 0.52 mm for the maxillary and mandibular teeth respectively. Root resorption was strongly correlated with active orthodontic appliance therapy with maxillary and mandibular incisors being most susceptible. It was found that root resorption can be detected even in the early levelling and alignment stages of orthodontic treatment

Evaluation of tooth size discrepancy in different malocclusion groups

Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning requires the patient's thorough history, extra and intra oral examination, analysis of diagnostic records comprising of orthodontic photographs, necessary radiographs and properly trimmed study casts. Tooth-size is the sum of mesio distal widths of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. For ideal occlusion, teeth in both arches should be proportional in size. If larger teeth in one jaw are occluded with smaller teeth in the other jaw, ideal occlusion is not achieved. Tooth size analysis was presented by Bolton in 1958. The ratio for anterior segment was derived to be 77.2 +/- 0.22% and 91.3 +/- 0.26% for the whole arch. A quantitative study was carried out at the Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry [AFID], Rawalpindi, Pakistan, a tertiary care facility. Cross sectional data was gathered from the study casts of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment at AFID, after obtaining informed written consent from them. 135 out of 200 study casts were filtered based upon the inclusion and exclusion criteria. ANB angle and witt's appraisal were traced on corresponding lateral cephalograms. The mesio distal widths of all maxillary and mandibular teeth from right first molar to left first molar were calibrated with the use of a manual caliper. The readings were then used to compute the anterior and total Bolton ratios. Significantly higher mean anterior tooth ratios were found for Class II [p<0.01] patients. All other ratios were within close range of Bolton's norms. Skeletal Class II patients showed a tendency towards higher mesiodistal widths of teeth in the mandibular anterior region

Periodontal evaluation of AFID cadets in lower anterior crowding

The objective of this study was to analyze the correlation between lower anterior teeth crowding and the periodontal status among cadets of Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry. The investigation of this relationship was done on 60 cadets. 30 subjects each represented the experimental and the control sample, with an age range between 19-24 years. Plaque Index [PI] of lower six anterior teeth was used for assessment of periodontal status. Irregularity index [II] was used to calibrate the amount of lower anterior crowding. A number of statistical tests were performed to analyze the data. The labial and lingual surfaces of teeth examined presented with plaque accumulation, that increased with the severity of lower anterior teeth crowding and was seen more lingually than labially. So a significant relation was observed between periodontal indices and lower anterior crowding [P - value < 0.001]. On comparison between control group and experimental group, the labial and lingual surfaces of lower anterior teeth of control group showed less amount of plaque. Therefore a highly significant difference between the two group samples was present. Thus, the present study showed that lower anterior teeth crowding has a deleterious effect on the periodontal health of the teeth when measured by plaque index