Interaction of palladium inorganic salt and organic complex with glutathione content of liver homogenate

Glutathione is an essential antioxidant of living organism that provides a primary protection against metals toxicity. A significant amount of glutathione is present in blood erythrocytes, plasma and liver hepatocytes to protect them from oxidative damage from both external and internal oxidants. Metalo-element palladium has numerous pharmacological, clinical and toxicological compensations, like palladium is used as anti-viral, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective and anti-tumor agent. However studies have also indicated some mild to serious toxic effects of palladium metallo-elements. In the presence study the interaction of palladium inorganic salt and organic complex with glutathione [GSH] content of liver homogenate was examined spectro-photometrically. 20% [w/v] liver homogenate was prepared of the collected liver of rabbit in 5% TCA [tri-chloro-acetic acid] solution and 1mm EDTA, using a potter-eveljhem homogenizer with motor driven Teflon pestle. The GSH content quantification was carried out by Elman's method. Our finding showed that there was a depletion of GSH content by both palladium inorganic salts and organic complexes, concentrations wise as well as with time elapse as level of GSH content decrease from [43.6% to 72.62%] with Palladium Nitrate and from [24.09 to 59.5%] with Bis-benzonitrile Palladium II Chloride as compared to control, and further dropped with time incubation from 0-90 minutes from [49.7 to 87.1%], with Palladium Nitrate and from [29.3% to 67.6%] respectively. The result showed that the effect of both inorganic salt of palladium was more enhanced as compare to its organic complex. It was suggested from our finding that the depletion in the glutathione content of liver homogenate may be due to oxidation of glutathione or due to glutathione metal abduct formation by both inorganic salt and organic complex of palladium. This study in situ is a model of in vivo

Comparison of the urinary flow rate improvement after transurethral incision and transurethral resection of prostate for small sized symptomatic benign enlargement

Objective: To compare the mean improvement in urinary flow rate after transurethral resection of prostate [TURP] and transurethral incision of prostate [TUIP] for small sized symptomatic benign prostatic enlargement [SBE]

Study design: Randomized controlled trial

Duration of study: January 2016 to December 2017

Setting: Department of Urology Institute of Kidney Diseases Hayatabad Peshawar

Methodology: A total of 216 patients presenting to our OPD having lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement were included in the study. Their medical history, physical and digital rectal examination were performed. Urine analysis, urine C/S, Blood Complete, Serum Creatinine Prostate Specific Antigen, Uroflowmetry and Ultrasound were performed. All patients were randomized into two groups; Group A [TURP] and Grouped B [TUIP]

Results: Our study shows that in Group A [TURP] mean age was 57 years with standard deviation +/- 3.78 while in Group B [TUIP] mean age was 60 years with standard deviation +/- 3.13. The status of uroflowmetry[post-operative] among two groups was analyzed as in Group A [TURP] 5[5 percent] patients had uroflowmetry<15 ml while 103[95 percent] patients had uroflowmetry>15 ml. Mean uroflowmetry was 17 ml with standard deviation +/- 3.64. Where as in Group B [TUIP] 9[8 percent] patients had uroflowmetry<15 ml while 99[92 percent] patients had uroflowmetry>15 ml. Mean uroflowmetry was 16 ml with standard deviation +/- 3.55. Mean urinary flow rate was compared between TURP and TUIP in which showed that there is no significant difference between the two surgical procedures in term of urinary flow rate

Conclusion: Our study concludes that there was no significant difference between TURP and TUIP in term of mean urinary flow rate for small sized symptomatic benign prostatic enlargement

DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging, antibacterial and phytochemical evaluation of crude methanolic extract and subsequent fractions of Chenopodium botrys aerial parts

We investigated antioxidant, antibacterial potentials and secondary metabolites of Chenopodium botrys aerial parts to rationalize its effectiveness in free radicals induced disorders and infectious diseases. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts were investigated using DPPH and ABTS free radicals scavenging assays. Antibacterial potential was studied using well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis was performed for the presence of secondary metabolites. In DPPH assay chloroform fraction [CHF], ethyl acetate fraction [EAF] and n-hexane fraction [NHF] were most active causing average inhibition of 65.9, 59.2 and 55.9% at concentration of 1mg/ml with IC[50]values of 140, 30 and 590 micro gml respectively. EAF, CHF and aqueous fraction [AQF] revealed highest scavenging effect against ABTS free radicals causing 85.46, 82.73 and 68.80% inhibition with of IC[50]of 75, 94 and 530 micro g/ml respectively. In antibacterial assay, CHF was found most effective against S. aureus presenting an inhibitory zone of 19 mm whereas; EAF, CHF and NHF were most active against K. pneumoneae with inhibitory zones of 27.1 mm, 25.4 and 18.7 mm respectively. C. botrys was tested positive for flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins and tannins. Current findings revealed that that C. botrys is rich source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial bioactive compounds and may be further investigated

role of Glutathione, Cysteine and D-Penicillamine in exchanging Palladium and Vanadium metals from albumin metal complex

Thiol groups are extensively present across biological systems being found in range of small molecules [e.g. Glutathione, Homo-cysteine] and proteins [e.g. albumin, haemo-globin]. Albumin is considered to be a major thiol containing protein present in circulating Plasma. Albumin contains a single thiolate group located at cysteine-34[cys-34] at its active site. Albumin also binds a wide variety of metals and metals complexes at various sites around the protein. Usually heavy metals are preferentially attached with the thiol group of albumin. The binding of heavy metals at cys-34 provides a mechanism by which the residence time of potentially toxic species in the body can be increased. In this research we have assessed the oxidative modification of and metal binding capacity of cys-34 with heavy metals Palladium and Vanadium to investigate the ease with which it is possible to effect disulfide-thiol exchange at this sites/or remove a metal bound at this position. Both the metals were treated with albumin and then the albumin metals [Pd and V] complexes were treated with small thoil molecules like Glutathione, Cysteine and D-Penicillamine. Our finding showed that the albumin thiol group retained the metals with itself by forming some strong bonding with the Thiols group, it is concluded from this finding that if by chance both the metals enter the living system; strongly disturb the chemistry and physiological function of this bio-molecule

Neuroprotective effect ofBacopa monnieri against morphine-induced histopathological changes in the cerebellum of rats

Opioid addiction is associated with oxidative cell injury in neuronal cells. In this study, Bacopa monnieri [L.], a reputed nootropic plant, was evaluated against morphine-induced histopathological changes in the cerebellum of rats. B. monnieri methanolic extract [mBME] [40 mg/kg, p.o] and ascorbic acid [50 mg/kg, i.p] were administered two hours before morphine [20 mg/kg, i.p] for 14 and 21 days. The in vitro antioxidant activity of mBME was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] free-radical scavenging assay. Morphine produced vacuolization of basket and stellate cells and reduced the size of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum after 14 days. However, treatment for 21 days was associated with severe shrinkage of Purkinje cells with loss of their characteristic flask-shaped appearance as well as degeneration of basket, stellate and granule cells. Pretreatment with mBME and ascorbic acid for 14 and 21 days attenuated the morphine-induced histopathological changes in the cerebellum. The EC50 for the DPPH free-radical scavenging assay of mBME [39.06 [microg/mL] as compared to ascorbic acid [30.25 microg/mL] and BHT [34.34 microg/mL] revealed that mBME strongly scavenged the free-radicals and thus possessed an efficient antioxidant propensity. These results concluded that B. monnieri having strong antioxidant activity exerted a protective effect against morphine-induced cerebellar toxicity

Endoscopic realignment of completely transected ureter leading to ureterocutaneous fistula- a case report

Ureters are retroperitoneal structures and are well protected in the abdominal cavity. Reported incidence of ureteric injuries is 0.5%-10% and iatrogenic factor is the most predominant. Ureteric discontinuity following injury has been traditionally treated by open surgery. With the advent of improved Endoscopic instruments and fiber optics it is possible to stent these lesion percutaneously or retrogradely. We describe a retrograde endoscopic approach to re-establish ureter integrity successfully in a case of fire arm injury resulting in complete transection of ureter and subsequently ureterocutaneous fistula. We illustrated usefulness of Endoscopic approach for the management of ureteric injuries as an alternative to traditional approach

Evaluation of ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for ureteral stones

To evaluate success rate, auxiliary procedures and complications associated with ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy of ureteric stones. The study was conducted among 100 patients between May 2011 and July 2013. The mean age of the patients was 32 +/- 3 years. Ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy was performed using rigid Wolf ureteroscope and Swiss Lithoclast devices. Stone diagnosis and localization was done by CT KUB without contrast. IVU was done in cases where indicated. Stone size ranged from 0.6 cm to 2.0 cm with mild to marked obstructive changes in collecting system. All patients had normal renal function test results. The majority of the patients [60%] presented with lower ureter calculi, 28% with upper ureter calculi and 12% with middle ureter calculi. The patients were followed up with plain X-ray KUB and USG for two months. Stone-free status was declared as complete clearance of stone fragments from the urinary tract. The overall success rate was 96%. Auxiliary procedures conducted included balloon dilatation of ureterovesical junction [67%] and of upper ureteric stricture [1%], retrograde urography [1%], dormia basket manipulation [88%] and D-J stent placement [87%]. The complications encountered were mild transient hematuria [67%], migration of stone fragments [4%], urosepsis [2%], and residual stone fragments [4%], D-J stent associated discomfort [33%] and repeat procedure [2%]. Ureteroscopic Pneumatic Lithotripsy is an effective and safe treatment modality with unremarkable complications for ureteric stones

Testicular yold sac tumor in an eight-month old child: a case report

Germ cell tumors are rare in children. This group of tumors in children is distinct from that in adults in terms of their behavior, histological nature, metastasis and the treatment needed. 85% of the yold sac tumors in children present as clinical stage I disease as compared to 35% in adults. AFP can be used as reliable tumor marker as the levels are increased in more than 90% of yolk sac tumors. In children inguinal orchidectomy followed by stringent surveillance for two years is the preferred treatment option. Combination chemotherapy may be reserved for metastatic disease or recurrence. Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection [RPLND] is preferable in adults. In this case report we describe the clinical presentation, imaging findings, diagnosis and up-to-date management of yolk sac tumor in an eight-month old child

Distal penile fasciocutaneous flap for stricture disease of anterior urethra

To develop curative treatment for complex stricture disease involving anterior urethra. Twenty patients with a median age of 35 years with history of repeated optical internal urethrotomies >5 underwent surgery. Stricture site and length were evaluated by Retrograde and Antegrade urethrogram. Stricture calibration was done by retrograde ureteric catheter insertion of variable sizes. Onlay or tubular was flap applied over partial or blind stricture respectively ranging from 5cm to 15cm. The period of follow up was 24 months. Complications like patchy necrosis of penile skin [3] external meatal stenosis [2], Fistula [1] stricture at anastomotic site [1] and post void dribbling [5] were noted. The patient's quality of life improved following surgery. Distal penile fasciocutaneous flap is an effective tool for recurrent stricture disease involving anterior urethra

Distal penile fasciocutaneous flap for stricture disease of anterior urethra

Objectives: To develop curative treatment for complex stricture disease involving anterior urethra

Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with a median age of 35 years with history of repeated optical internal urethrotomies >5 underwent surgery

Stricture site and length were evaluated by Retrograde and Antegrade urethrogram. Stricture calibration was done by retrograde ureteric catheter insertion of variable sizes. Onlay or tubular was flap applied over partial or blind stricture respectively ranging from 5cm to 15cm

Results: The period of follow up was 24 months. Complications like patchy necrosis of penile skin [3] external meatal stenosis [2], Fistula [1] stricture at anastomotic site [1]and post void dribbling [5] were noted. The patient's quality of life improved following surgery

Conclusion: Distal penile fasciocutaneous flap is an effective tool for recurrent stricture disease involving anterior urethra

Outcomes of cervical cerclage in preventing pregnancy loss

This study was designed to know the outcome of cervical cerclage in preventing pregnancy loss in patients with cervical insufficiency. This is a prospective study. Patients with previous early pregnancy losses were included. Cervical length less than 2.5cm at 12-16 weeks was taken as an indicator of insufficiency. Cerclage was removed at 37 week and patient and neonate were followed till one week postnatal. A total of 32 patients were included in this study. Fifteen patients had emergency cerclage and 85% had elective cerclage. A total of 79% patient delivered at term and 9% had abortion. Among them 72% patients had normal vaginal delivery and others underwent ceasarean section. Maternal pyrexia was more in emergency group. Jaundice was seen in 62% of the neonates and 17% neonates had respiretory problems. Cervical cerclage has a preventive role in singleton pregnancies with short and insufficient cervix

Removal of coins from upper oesophgus under local anesthesia

To know the safety of coin extraction from upper esophagus by using Magill forceps and laryngoscope, under local anesthesia. This prospective study includes four hundreds patients with coin stuck at the upper end of esophagus, referred to us from emergency department form Jan 2004 to Dec. 2004. We used both Magill forceps and Mackintosh Laryngoscope for coin extraction. A total of 400 patients were treated in one year, majority were children between 2-5 years of age. Males were 202 [50.5%] and females were 198 [49.5%]. Three hundred and forty patients [85%] presented with in 24 hours while 60 patients [15%] presented after 24 hours. At presentation, 360 [90%] had difficulty in swallowing and excessive salivation while remaining 10% had vomiting and cough. Out of 400 coins, 296 [74%] were of two rupees while remaining 105 [26.3%] included one and five rupees coins. Three hundred and twenty [80%] coins were removed in first attempt while 65 [16.2%] require more than one attempt. We failed in 15 [3.75%] cases. Minor complications occurred with this method in 19 [4.75%] while one child develop neck abscess [0.25%].Coin extraction from upper esophagus, using Magill forceps and laryngoscope under local anesthesia is a safe and effective method

Cervical lymphadenopathy: diagnostic approach

To study the etiology of unexplained cervical lymphadenopathy of more than one month duration, not easily diagnosed on clinical ground or after simple investigations. This study was conducted at Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from January 2003 to June 2004. A total of 100 patients with prolonged unexplained cervical lymphadenopathies were included in this study. All the patients were evaluated through detailed history and clinical examination. Beside these, laboratory, radiological, endoscopic examination, FNAC and histopathological studies were performed. Out of 100 cases, 54 [54%] were female and 46 [46%] male. Laboratory evidence revealed tuberculous lymphadenitis in 58 [58%] cases, metastatic lymph nodes in 18 [18%] cases, lymphoma in 18 [18%] cases, infectious mononucleosis in 3 [3%] cases and leukemias in 3 [3%] cases. Histopathology of the lymph nodes gave conclusive diagnosis with 100% sensitivity rate in cases of granulomatous lymphadenitis and lymphomas. Tuberculous lymphadenitis [58%] represented the commonest infectious aetiology in present study and carcinoma is less common as compared to the western figures. It is advised that any treatment for cervical lymphadenopathy should be preceded by histological proof

Kartagener's syndrome

Lower respiratory tract infections are a common problem in our society. In recurrent lower respiratory tract infections the cause may be either general impairment of immune mechanism, abnormalities of mucus or abnormalities of cilia. We report a case where the patient was having recurrent lower and upper respiratory tract infections and had situs inversus totalis. The present case i.e. Kartagener's syndrome is an inherited disorder transmitted in autosomal recessive manner with variable penetrance. Although there is no specific treatment for this condition, failure to recognize the condition may subject the patient to unnecessary repeated admissions and investigations and inappropriate treatment

Mortality rate in adult tetanus patients in district D. I. Khan, NWFP - Pakistan

This study was conduct to know about the real and present situation in our set up where tetanus still remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality despite free availability of a safe and effective vaccine. The study was conducted in medical unit of DHQ teaching hospital D. I. Khan over a period of four years. A total of 150 cases of tetanus were studied with 120 patients being males and 30 females. Diagnosis of tetanus was based on clinical examination. The patients were given conventional therapy for tetanus and comparison was made with other studies. Among these 150 patients of tetanus, 29 [19.3%] patient died, 22 being males and 7 females. Mortality rate in adult patients with tetanus is lower than reported in most other studies

Impact of class attendance upon examination results of students in basic medical sciences

A number of studies have shown the impact of attending the classes during the session on examination results of students. Students with good lecture attendance show good results while those with poor lecture attendance are at risk for poor performance in the examinations. In this study we wanted to test this in students of basic medical sciences in our set up. All the students in Basic Medical Sciences of Gomal Medical College, D.I. Khan, Pakistan, during the session 1999-2000 were enrolled for this study. Performance of these students in one of their three annual term tests, which covered duration of studies for four months, from February 2000 to May 2000, was analyzed. Students were grouped into two, Group-A with =75% attendance and Group-B with <75% attendance. The frequency of failure in the two groups was compared using the chi square test. Results of the term test showed that the percentage of failure in students of Group-B with less than 75%, attendance was significantly higher when compared to Group-A with equal or more than 75% attendance. Our results supported the previous studies showing that attendance in the classes during teaching sessions had a direct impact on performance of students in the examinations. Students with good attendance show good results while those with poor attendance are at risk for poor performance during examinations in basic medical sciences