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The well-known detrimental effects of cadmium (Cd) on plants are chloroplast destruction, photosynthetic pigment inhibition, imbalance of essential plant nutrients, and membrane damage. Jasmonic acid (JA) is an alleviator against different stresses such as salinity and drought. However, the functional attributes of JA in plants such as the interactive effects of JA application and Cd on rapeseed in response to heavy metal stress remain unclear. JA at 50 µmol/L was observed in literature to have senescence effects in plants. In the present study, 25 µmol/L JA is observed to be a "stress ameliorating molecule" by improving the tolerance of rapeseed plants to Cd toxicity. JA reduces the Cd uptake in the leaves, thereby reducing membrane damage and malondialdehyde content and increasing the essential nutrient uptake. Furthermore, JA shields the chloroplast against the damaging effects of Cd, thereby increasing gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, JA modulates the antioxidant enzyme activity to strengthen the internal defense system. Our results demonstrate the function of JA in alleviating Cd toxicity and its underlying mechanism. Moreover, JA attenuates the damage of Cd to plants. This study enriches our knowledge regarding the use of and protection provided by JA in Cd stress.
Assuntos
Brassica napus/metabolismo , Cádmio/toxicidade , Catalase/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Fotossíntese , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Background and Objective: Psycho-education is an intervention integrating psychotherapeutic and educational strategies. Whilst carer psycho-education is known to aid in psychiatric disorders, at present there is no known tool to assess the degree to which this is routinely provided by mental health professionals. Our objective was to develop and validate a tool, in English, which assesses psycho-education of carers of psychiatric patients in Pakistan
Methods: A questionnaire was generated in English. It was pretested on twenty male and female carers and was refined to attain a more reliable version. Sixty bilingual male and female primary carers, who were fluent in English, and had been in a care-giving role for more than three months were requested to complete the developed Questionnaire for the Assessment of Psycho-Education of Carers [APEC] at Fatima Memorial Hospital Psychiatry Out-patient department within a period of four months from December, 2017 to April, 2018. Carers were identified via patients presenting to a psychiatric OPD. Responses were analyzed for reliability and test retest consistency using Cronbach's alpha analysis, Intraclass correlation coefficients, factor analysis and Paired t-test
Results: APEC was found to be easily understandable and capable of adequately assessing aspects of psycho-education. A high degree of internal consistency was demonstrated on cronbach's alpha analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for various domains was sufficiently high ranging from0.76 to 0.960. Similarly, domains of [APEC] were highly correlated. Test-retest reliability was assessed by computing the correlation between Visits 1 and 2 scores
Conclusion: The developed questionnaire can adequately assess psycho-education of primary carers in mental health settings
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Objective: To measure the level of stress and its relationship and comparison with demographic variables among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Methodology: This was a cross sectional comparative study conducted during April 2016 to July 2016 in Faisalabad. A sample of 120 diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM] patients between aged 20 to 50 years, mean age 34.57+/-8.36 were selected through random sampling techniques from different public hospitals of Faisalabad. A self-report measure perceived stress scale 10 items [PSS- 10] Urdu was used to measure the level of stress among T2DM Patients. Statistical analysis was run through SPSS version 21
Results: A significant positive relationship observed between gender and stress at p<0.05, and significant negative relationship between age and stress p<0.01. Significant gender difference observed at p<0.05 and significant age differences at p<0.01among T2DM patients
Conclusion: Stress is negatively linked with increasing age and positively linked with gender. Men and adults experience low level of stress as compared to women and early adults with T2DM
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Papillary fibroelastoma [PFE] is the most common primary tumor of cardiac valves and predominantly located on the left side. Its origin from non?valvular endocardium is extremely rare. We describe a case of an 81?year?old Caucasian male who presented with a mobile right atrial mass at the junction of right atrial wall and superior vena cava [SVC]. Initially it was thought to be a thrombus and the patient was treated with anti?coagulation therapy without any change in size of the mass. Surgical excision was performed to establish the diagnosis and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of PFE. In conclusion, this case is unique due to location of the tumor and its attachment with superior vena cava. Physicians should consider this unusual location of PFE in the differential diagnoses of an intra?atrial mass
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The effect of Al and Cd on the growth, photosynthesis, and accumulation of Al, Cd and plant nutrients in two soybean genotypes were determined using hydroponic culture. There were six treatments: pH 6.5; pH 4.0; pH 6.5+1.0 micromol/L Cd; pH 4.0+1.0 micromol/L Cd; pH 4.0+150 micromol/L Al; pH 4.0+1.0 micromol/L Cd+150 micromol/L Al. The low pH (4.0) and Al treatments caused marked reduction in root length, shoot height, dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and photosynthetic rate. Al-sensitive cv. Zhechun 2 accumulated comparatively more Al and Cd in plants than Al-tolerant cv. Liao 1. Compared with pH 6.5, pH 4.0 resulted in significant increase in Cd and Al concentration in plants. Combined application of Cd and Al enhanced their accumulation in roots, but caused a reduction in shoots. The concentrations of all 10 nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B), except Mo were also increased when plants were exposed to pH lower than pH 6.5. Al addition caused a reduction in the concentration of most nutrients in plant roots and shoots; but K, Mn and Zn in roots were increased. Treatments with Cd alone or together with Al reduced the concentrations of all the plant nutrients in plants. Al-sensitive genotype Zhechun 2 has lower nutrient concentration than Al-tolerant genotype Liao 1. The current findings imply that Al and Cd are synergistic in their effect on plant growth, physiological traits and nutrient uptake.
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Alumínio , Toxicidade , Cádmio , Toxicidade , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Fotossíntese , Glycine max , MetabolismoRESUMO
The effects of salinity (50 mmol/L NaCl) and Cd (1 micromol/L CdCl(2)) as sole and combined on growth and photosynthetic parameters were studied using two soybean genotypes, Huachun 18 and NGB. The concentrations of Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), K(+) and Na(+) were also determined in seeds and pods. Huachun 18 suffered a more serious decrease than NGB in net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) in the treatments of salinity stress alone and combined stress (NaCl+Cd), showing that it is relatively sensitive to salinity. The decrease in P(n) caused by salt stress in Huachun 18 was mainly due to the reduced total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency (the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence, F(v)/F(m)), whereas the decease in NGB was mainly related to reduced stomatal conductance (G(s)). The combined stress of both Na and Cd did not induce further decrease in photosynthesis and fluorescence in the two genotypes relative to salt or Cd stress alone. Greater change in the pod concentrations of Zn(2+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), K(+) and Na(+) was detected under salt stress for Huachun 18 than for NGB. The results suggested that the interactive effect of NaCl-Cd on growth and nutrient uptake differs between the two soybean genotypes.