RESUMO
Objectives: To determine the frequency of use of energy drinks, to assess gender, residence and year of education difference with the usage of energy drinks and the perception of students about benefits of energy drinks consumption
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Wah Medical College [WMC], from Jan to Jun 2016
Material and Methods: The 369 students of WMC from all years of MBBS course were selected through convenient sampling technique. After obtaining verbal consent the data were collected using a self administered closed ended questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version 19
Results: The frequency of consumption of energy drinks among students of WMC was 34 percent. Red bull was the most common [48 percent] brand used by them. Significant differences were found between usage of energy drinks with gender [<0.001], but insignificant difference with residence [0.06] and year of education [0.37]. Out of 369 students, 310 [81.6 percent] students thought that energy drinks help them to stay awake longer and 73-75 percent were of the opinion that its use improved their concentration and mental performance
Conclusion: It was concluded that the consumption of energy drinks was high among medical students and most of them were male students. The most well-liked energy drink was Red bull and they believed that energy drinks helped them to stay awake longer, reduced tiredness and improve mental performance
RESUMO
Objective: To obtain pharmacokinetic data of Orvastin, a newly launched formulation of atorvastatin, in healthy males of Pakistan
Study Design: It was quasi-experimental design
Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Centre for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine [CREAM] Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and duration of study was about ten months
Material and Methods: Twenty-four healthy male subjects were taken conveniently from Pakistani population. Two tablets of Orvastin, each containing atorvastatin 40mg, were administered orally as a single dose. Multiple blood samples were taken with small gaps in between up to the period of 48hrs. High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC] with UV-detector was used for quantification of atorvastatin in plasma; wavelength of UV-detector was adjusted at 247nm. Mobile phase was made up of 60 percent acetonitrile and 40 percent 0.05M sodium phosphate buffer. Flow rate of mobile phase was maintained at 1.5ml/min with 5.5 pH. Progesterone was used as an internal standard. Stock solutions of atorvastatin were made by dissolving it into methanol and acetonitrile was used for making stock solution of progesterone. Calibration curves were made for atorvastatin and internal standard from concentration time data, values for time to achieve maximum plasma concentration. [Tmax] and maximum plasma concentration [Cmax] were directly calculated. Computer program [APO, MW PHARM, and Ver. 3.60] was used for calculation of pharmacokinetic profile of atorvastatin
Results: Atorvastatin was detected in plasma samples of all volunteers. The absorption rate constant [Ka] was 0.41 l/hr. Cmax was 26.69 +/- 6.67 micro g/l and Tmax was 3.33 +/- 0.41 hrs. Apparent volume of distribution [Vd], of atorvastatin, was 3244.84 +/- 1237.36 liters. The elimination rate constant was 0.15 l/hr. Elimination half-life of atorvastatin was 6.14 hours. Trapezoidal rule was used for calculation of AUC[0-48] and AUC[0-infinity] and it was found to be 208.77 h/micro g/l and 208.74 h/micro g/l respectively. Clearance of atorvastatin was 420.87 +/- 170.64 liters/hour and Mean Residence Time [MRT] was 8.86 +/- 5.01 hours
Conclusion: Pharmacokinetic data of new formulation of atorvastatin is in comparable range with other brands of atorvastatin used in different ethnic groups