Adulticidal efficacy of azadirachta indica [Neem Tree], sesamum indicum [Til] and pinus sabinaena [Pine Tree] extracts against aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions

Background: Emergence of resistance to insecticides against mosquitoes and other disease vectors has prompted the need for alternate sources of mosquito control which are more target-specific, easily bio-degradable and effective against mosquitoes

Materials and Methods: The adulticidal efficacy of crude Neem oil extract, Pine oil extract and Til oil extract with five different concentrations i.e. 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% was tested against five to six days old sugar fed female Aedes aegypti using standard WHO Bioassay test kit. The percentage mortality was observed after 24 and 48 hours under laboratory condition

Results: The LC[50] [Lethal Concentration] values of Neem oil extract against adults of Aedes aegypti were 1.17 ml and 0.09 ml after 24 and 48 hours of exposure respectively, while the LC[99] were 4.27 ml and 1.17 ml after 24 and 48 hours of exposure respectively. The LC[50] values of Pine oil extract after 24 and 48 hours were 0.25 and, 0.06 ml respectively, while LC[99] values at 24 and 48 hour were and 0.89 ml and 0.64 ml respectively. The LC[50] values of Til oil extract after 24 and 48 hours of exposure were 1.17 ml and 0.05 ml respectively while LC99 values were 4.18 ml and 1.28 ml after 24 and 48 hours of exposure respectively. The LC[50] and LC[90] values were indicative that the plant extracts were highly toxic after 48 hours of exposure. Among the tested plant oil extracts the maximum adulticidal efficacy was observed in the pine oil extract. No mortality was observed in controls

Conclusion: Crude extract of Pine oil was more effective against Aedes aegypti as compared to Neem and Til oil

Progress towards millennium development goals: strategic planning for malaria vector control in Pakistan

Identification and establishment of status of insecticide susceptibility and resistance in malaria vector anophelines mosquitoes species, is essential for the development of malaria prevention strategy. This will ensure reduction in poverty mortality and morbidity especially in women and children. This will help in achieving the 1st, 4th, 5th and 6th MDGs. Taxonomic and susceptibility study of genus Anopheles was carried out during the year 2010 and 2011 from Islamabad. Extensive surveys were conducted to explore the fauna of mosquito in selected areas. Species were identified by using standard taxonomic keys. The findings found that primary vector of malaria in Pakistan which is Anopheles culicifacies and An. stephensi were most widely distributed in Islamabad. A total of twelve species were recorded during the study period. Susceptibility test were conducted on primary and suspected malaria vectors in Pakistan by using WHO recommended susceptibility/resistance test kit and following the guidelines of WHO. Insecticide impregnated papers with diagnostic dose of DDT [4%], Deltamethrin [0.05%] Lambdacyhalothrin [0.05%], Malathion [5%] and Bendiocarb [0.1%] were used. Results showed that primary and suspected malaria vectors were susceptible to Deltamethrin and Lambdacyhalothrin while resistance to DDT and assorted results were shown against Malathion and Bendiocarb. These results may add to the policy making that pyrethroids group is still effective and can be used for the control of anopheles species in Islamabad; however, there is need to implement strategic planning to delay the process of resistance development in these localities and prolong the effective used of pyrethroids.