Comparison of Clinical Characteristics between Transient Global Amnesia with and without Acute Focal Lesion in Hippocampus

BACKGROUND: Transient global amnesia (TGA) might be related to an ischemic event with characteristic findings in diffusion-weighted images (DWIs). However, acute lesions are uncommon. The aim of this study was to identify any clinical or radiological differences between TGA patients with and without acute lesions. METHODS: From January 2010 through March 2015, we identified retrospectively TGA patients with DWIs within 7 days from onset. According to the presence of an acute lesion in the hippocampus, clinical features, vascular risk factors, electroencephalography (EEG) findings, and the regional perfusion status in single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) images were compared. RESULTS: Of 57 TGA patients (mean age=60.5 years; 40 females), 19 patients (33.3%) had acute focal lesions in the hippocampus (3.53±0.74 mm, mean±SD). In terms of clinical features, the symptom duration was shorter in the lesion-negative group than in the lesion-positive group (mean=5 hours, interquartile range [IQR]=2-9 hours vs. mean=8 hours, IQR=5-13.5 hours; p=0.072). However, there were no differences between TGA patients with and without DWI lesions in cerebrovascular risk factors, laboratory results, or EEG findings. In 6 of 22 patients who underwent cerebral SPECT (2 of 9 DWI lesions and 4 of 13 without lesions), mild perfusion defects were exhibited without significant differences in both medial temporal regions and in the left frontal and left frontotemporal regions. CONCLUSIONS: Symptom duration was the only clinical difference-including perfusion defects and epileptic evidence-between TGA patients with and without DWI lesions. This suggests that there is a low probability of hypoperfusion or focal seizure in TGA patients without acute lesions.

Clinical Factors associated with Comorbid Cerebral Lesions in Syncope Patients

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of syncope is related to the severity of the underlying disease, including cerebral disease, rather than of the syncope itself. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical factors related to the cerebral comorbidity confirmed on brain imaging of syncope patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were diagnosed as syncope and underwent brain magnetic resonance [MR] imaging between January 2011 and December 2014. An abnormal MR lesion was defined as the presence of one or more of the following: (1) ischemic lesion, (2) major cerebral artery occlusion or stenosis over 50%, (3) cerebral aneurysm or vascular abnormalities, and (4) other traumatic or parenchymal lesion. The findings of electroencephalography and clinical factors that might be related to abnormal lesions in brain MR images were investigated. RESULTS: Of 347 (mean age 50.5 years, 48.1% females) patients, abnormal imaging findings were observed in 48 (13.8%). The clinical factors related to abnormal findings were age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. Independent factors for an abnormal MR lesion were age (odds ratio=1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.08, p <0.001) and hypertension (odds ratio=2.73, 95% CI 1.34-5.60, p=0.006). Abnormal electroencephalography findings were noted in 52 (20.3%) of 256 investigated patients. Generalized or focal slowing was observed more frequently in elderly patients (p<0.001) and in the presence of abnormal brain MR lesions (p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: In syncope patients with hypertension or who are elderly, a brain MR image may be helpful for detecting comorbid brain lesions.

Ankle-brachial index as a predictor of one-year prognosis in ischemic stroke patients

Objective: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) reduces functional activity and increases the rate of cardiovascular death in the elderly. Our study aimed to determine whether the presence of PAD in stroke patients affected the progression of disability or death one year after discharge. Methods: From April 2012 to March 2013, consecutive first stroke patients above 50 years of age without known PAD were enrolled. PAD was defined as a low ankle-brachial index (less than 0.9) measured by an automatic device. Clinical data associated with the stroke were collected from medical records. Disability in stroke patients was evaluated with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) on discharge day and one year after the index stroke. Progression of disability was defined as an increase in mRS more than one level at one year. Results: Among the 526 patients, 238 had ischemic strokes and underwent ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement. Of them, 192 patients were included. In univariate analysis, age, dyslipidemia, discharge mRS, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, D-dimer, homocysteine, internal carotid artery stenosis, posterior cerebral artery stenosis, and PAD were factors associated with worsening mRS. After adjustment for these factors in the logistic regression analysis, PAD was an independent factor associated with worsening mRS. In the analysis of one-year mortality, patients with PAD had a higher death rate, but PAD was not an independent factor after adjusting for other variables. Conclusions: The presence of PAD in stroke patients suggests a chance of disability progression, but may not be a predictor of death after one year.

Mobile Thrombus within Carotid Artery Stent

No abstract available.

Distinctive Patterns of MRI in Cerebral Embolism Caused by Cardiac Myxoma

While cardiac myxoma is a rare cause of stroke, it needs to be considered so that it can be detect promptly. We report the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of three patients who were histologically confirmed as cardiac myxoma. MRI revealed multiple infarctions in bilateral hemispheres and hemorrhagic transformation including microbleeds and macrobleeds. If either petechial hemorrhage or microbleeds along the cortical border zone are identified in MRI of acute stroke patients, the possibility of cardiac myxoma should be considered.

Determinants of Central Nervous System Involvement in Herpes Zoster

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. Central nervous system(CNS) involvements are uncommon complications of herpes zoster. The exact mechanism and risk factors are still unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients who was admitted at our hospital due to herpes zoster from 2003 to 2013. The patients under age 15, herpes zoster infection without skin lesions, and cases not confirmed by a dermatologist were excluded. CNS involvements are defined as meningitis, encephalitis, single or multiple cranial neuropathies and all cases were evaluated with brain magnetic resonance imaging, spinal tapping, serological tests and confirmed by a neurologist. We compared the herpes zoster patients with CNS involvement to those without CNS involvement. Age, sex, body mass index, associated chronic medical illnesses, site and extent of skin lesion and development of post herpetic neuralgia were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Total 1,131 subjects (male 460, female 671) were recruited. A group with CNS involvement was 91(8.04%). Sex, body mass index, associated chronic medical illnesses, extent of skin lesion were not different between two groups. A group with CNS involvement showed younger age(p<0.01), more facial and cervical skin lesions(p<0.01), lesser development of post herpetic neuralgia(p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS: CNS involvement is not a rare complication of herpes zoster and more frequent in patients with younger age and faciocervical zoster.

Acute Ophthalmoplegia Without Ataxia Associated With Anti-GM1 IgG Antibody

No abstract available.

Atypical Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome after Cervical Facet Joint Steroid Injection

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by headache, altered mental function, seizures, and loss of vision predominantly affecting the bilateral parieto-occipital area. Most cases of PRES are associated with hypertension, or use of immunosuppressants or cytotoxic drugs; associated brainstem and cerebellar lesions are uncommon. We report herein a case of PRES that developed in a patient after injecting a steroid for cervical pain management. The presence of a territorial lesion along the vertebral artery on the same side as the pain-management procedure suggests an association between injectable steroid suspension and PRES.

A Case of Scrub Typhus Complicating Oculomotor Nerve Impairment / 대한내과학회지

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi that manifests with fever, skin rash, and myalgia. The spectrum of clinical severity ranges from mild to severe, with fatal complications including acute renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and pneumonitis. We report here a case of a 54-year-old woman with scrub typhus complicating oculomotor nerve impairment.

Acute Ischemic Stroke Caused by Primary Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma with Extension to the Left Atrium

Malignancy-related cerebral embolism, which is generally attributed to hypercoagulability, is an uncommon cause of ischemic stroke. However, ischemic stroke developed with intracardiac extension of lung cancer has rarely been reported. We report a case of acute embolic stroke caused by pulmonary adenocarcinoma that invaded the right inferior pulmonary vein and extended into the left atrium. Microembolism developing as a result of lung cancer may have been the cause of stroke in this case.

Acute Optic Neuropathy due to Compression by Posterior Ethomoidal Cell (an Onodi cell) Mucocele

Acute optic neuropathy occurs commonly as a result of ischemia and inflammation, but paranasal sinus disease without infection is generally dismissed. We report a rare case of acute optic neuropathy caused by compression of a mucocele in an Onodi cell, which is an uncommon anatomical variation of the ethmoid sinus. The mucocele was confirmed by imaging and endoscopic sinus surgery. An Onodi-cell lesion should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute optic neuropathy.

Influence of Stroke Knowledge on Pre-hospital Delay of Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

BACKGROUND: Most stroke patients are unable to receive thrombolytic therapy because they do not reach a hospital within 3 hours from symptom onset. The aim of this study was to determine the factors (including knowledge of stroke) that affect the admission delay. METHODS: From May 2007 to December 2007, consecutive ischemic stroke patients presenting within 3 days from symptom onset and their relatives were interviewed about their knowledge of the following aspects of stroke: stroke warning signs, thrombolytic therapy, the 3-hour time limit for admission delay, and use of emergency medical services. Clinical data of patients were collected from medical records. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-three patients were finally included, 37 of which (24.2%) reached our hospital within 3 hours from symptom onset. In univariate and multivariate analyses, factors independently associated with an admission delay of less than 3 hours were age (odds ratio [OR]=0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.91.0.99; p=0.008), atrial fibrillation (OR=5.02, CI=1.35.18.70; p=0.016), NIHSS score at admission (OR=1.09, CI=1.01.1.18; p=0.028), and knowledge of the 3-hour time limit (OR=3.55, CI=1.45.8.72; p=0.006). In the patients with an NIHSS score of >4 points, knowledge of the 3-hour time limit was the only independent factor associated with an admission delay of less than 3 hours. This knowledge was significantly associated with graduation from high school (p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the 3-hour time limit was the only modifiable factor that influenced an admission delay of less than 3 hours. Therefore, educating the public about stroke, including about the 3-hour time limit, could increase the ability to apply thrombolysis to acute stroke patients.