Effects of Smoking Status on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Prevalence in Males 40 years and Older: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: This is a study of the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which shows high mortality worldwide, and the effects of smoking on COPD by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V. METHODS: FEV1/FEV6<0.73 was used as a diagnostic criterion of COPD. Frequency analysis for prevalence, descriptive statistics for general characteristics and ventilation rate according to age-specifications, and complex sample logistic regression analysis for the effect of smoking on COPD prevalence were used. IBM SPSS Statistics 21 Standard, Complex Samples for Medical Science(Windows) was used for data analysis(alpha=0.05). RESULTS: Prevalence of COPD was 11.6+/-0.5% of Koreans in their forties or over, and 17.5+/-0.8% in males, and 6.2+/-0.5% in females. There was significant increase of COPD prevalence with age increment. Before adjusting for age and smoking index(SI), the COPD possibilities of past and current-smokers compared with non-smoking males were (odds ratio [OR] 2.112 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.551-2.875]) and (OR 1.834 [95% CI 1.319-2.551]) respectively. After adjustments with age and SI, the COPD possibility of current-smoking was 2.099 (1.382-3.188) times higher and for past-smoking was 1.463 (1.012-2.115) times higher than non-smoking. The P-value of each group was significant. The regression coefficients (B) of current-smoking and past-smoking were 0.741 and 0.380 respectively. The prevalence of COPD increased 1.102 (1.090-1.115) times for every 1 year of age increase, and 1.012 (1.007-1.018) times for every 1 SI increase (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for age and SI, the prevalence of COPD in smokers was higher than non-smokers. And current-smoking had a higher OR and higher B than past-smoking.

Analysis of Service Occupation Types and Training Programs of Services for the Aged in Busan

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze service occupation types and to develop training programs for the aged. METHODS: This study used descriptive study design. The research process consisted of three stages: first, identified the demand of service manpower for the aged; second, investigated present jobs and education programs in Korea and Japan; and last, developed service jobs and education programs for the aged. RESULTS: Potential users considered "health management" to be the most important area. They thought "providing job" as second most important. According to the result of analyzing Korean policies, there were 9 service occupations in 5 domains. So, we derived 10 occupations such as 'daily living manager', 'care manager', 'care worker', 'health manager', 'education specialist', 'leisure manager', 'good manager', 'housing manager', 'financial specialist' and 'retirement consultant' in 5 domains as healthcare, leisure, goods, housing and finance. Finally, we developed their tailored training programs. CONCLUSION: According to this study, there should be various occupations qualified by the government, and training programs should be settled. And healthcare providers must included in developing standardized training programs.

The Effectiveness of the Error Reporting Promoting Program on the Nursing Error Incidence Rate in Korean Operating Rooms / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an error reporting promoting program(ERPP) to systematically reduce the incidence rate of nursing errors in operating room. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. Twenty-six operating room nurses who were in one university hospital in Busan participated in this study. They were stratified into four groups according to their operating room experience and were allocated to the experimental and control groups using a matching method. Mann-Whitney U Test was used to analyze the differences pre and post incidence rates of nursing errors between the two groups. RESULTS: The incidence rate of nursing errors decreased significantly in the experimental group compared to the pre-test score from 28.4% to 15.7%. The incidence rate by domains, it decreased significantly in the 3 domains-"compliance of aseptic technique", "management of document", "environmental management" in the experimental group while it decreased in the control group which was applied ordinary error-reporting method. CONCLUSION: Error-reporting system can make possible to hold the errors in common and to learn from them. ERPP was effective to reduce the errors of recognition-related nursing activities. For the wake of more effective error-prevention, we will be better to apply effort of risk management along the whole health care system with this program.

Effect of Cycled Lighting and Auditory Stimulation on Body Weight, Physiological Variables and Behavioral States in Low Birth Weight Infants

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at finding the effects of cycled lighting and auditory stimulation on body weight, physiological variables and the behavioral state of low birth weight infants (LBWI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: The subjects were 30 LBWI at 2 NICUs. They were assigned to experimental I, experimental II and control group which consisted of 10 subjects in each of their regular sequence. Cycled lighting was applied to the experimental group I for 10 days, cycled light and auditory stimualtion were applied to the experimental group II. RESULTS: It was certified that the application of cycled lighting and auditory stimulation resulted in increased body weight, decreased heart rate, and stabilization of the behavioral states of the LBWI. However, there was no effect on increase of O2 saturation and decrease of respiration rate. CONCLUSION: The application of cycled lighting and auditory stimulation might be interventions which would in turn have positive effects on the growth and development of LBWI.

Effects of Cycled Lighting on Body Weight, Physiological Variables and Behavioral States in Low Birth Weight Infants / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at finding the effects of cycled lighting on body weight, physiological variables and the behavioral state of LBWI (low birth weight infants) in the NICU. METHOD: The subjects were 20 LBWI at 2 NICUs. They were assigned to an experimental or control group which consisted of 10 subjects in each. Cycled light was applied to the experimental group for 10 days. RESULT: It was certified that the application of cycled lighting resulted in increased body weight and O2 saturation, and decreased heart rate of the LBWI. However, there was no effect in decrease of respiration and stabilization of the behavioral state. CONCLUSION: The application of cycled lighting might be a nursing intervention which would in turn have positive effects on the growth of LBWI.