The safety of endoscopic esophageal procedures under general anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: With the increasing demand for general anesthesia for endoscopic esophageal procedures, anesthesiologists should understand the clinical characteristics of post-procedural complications (PPCs). METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the incidence of and risk factors associated with PPCs of endoscopic esophageal procedures performed under general anesthesia from July 2013 to November 2016. The final analysis included 129 patients; 114 who underwent esophageal endoscopic dissection for esophageal tumors and 15 cases of peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia. Frank perforation during the procedure was defined as an endoscopically recognizable or clinically detected perforation during the procedures. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for PPCs. RESULTS: The overall incidence of PPCs was 19.4% (25/129). All of the PPCs were managed successfully with conservative measures. The most common PPC was symptomatic, radiologically documented atelectasis (11/25, 44.0%), followed by esophageal perforation-related PPCs (symptomatic pneumomediastinum or pneumoperitoneum; 9/25, 36.0%). In the multivariable analysis, frank perforation during the procedure was the only independent risk factor for PPCs (odds ratio, 8.470, 95% CI, 2.051–34.974, P = 0.003). Although frank perforation during the procedure occurred in 13 patients, 38.5% (5/13) of them did not develop any clinical sequelae after their procedures. Compared with patients without PPCs, patients who developed PPCs took longer to their first oral intake and had prolonged hospital stays (P = 0.047 and 0.026, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic perforation during endoscopic esophageal procedures under general anesthesia was the only independent risk factor for PPCs; therefore, proactive measures and close follow-up are necessary.

Severe respiratory depression precipitated by unrecognized gastric perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection under deep sedation: A case report

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely performed these days as the standard procedure for the treatment of early gastric cancer. During ESD, insertion and rotation of the scope, air insufflation, incision and hemostasis may provoke pain, which commonly requires either general anesthesia or moderate to deep sedation. Deep sedation precludes the need for general anesthesia, and can help endoscopists speed up the procedure compared to light sedation. But, there are risks of respiratory complication. We report a case of respiratory compromise caused by pneumoperitoneum from unrecognized gastric perforation during ESD under deep sedation.

Severe respiratory depression precipitated by unrecognized gastric perforation during endoscopic submucosal dissection under deep sedation: A case report

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely performed these days as the standard procedure for the treatment of early gastric cancer. During ESD, insertion and rotation of the scope, air insufflation, incision and hemostasis may provoke pain, which commonly requires either general anesthesia or moderate to deep sedation. Deep sedation precludes the need for general anesthesia, and can help endoscopists speed up the procedure compared to light sedation. But, there are risks of respiratory complication. We report a case of respiratory compromise caused by pneumoperitoneum from unrecognized gastric perforation during ESD under deep sedation.

Anesthetic management of patient with Sjogren's syndrome who underwent cesarean section: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Sjogren's syndrome is one of the most common autoimmune disorders and has a female predominance. Maternal circulating autoantibodies such as anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies can cause congenital heart block of fetus, and in severe case, emergency pacemaker implantation may be needed for neonate. Therefore, it is very important to understand maternal and fetal condition and pay attention to the status of the neonate during delivery. In this paper, we present a case of patient with Sjogren's syndrome who underwent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.

The Current Status of Enteral Feeding Management in General Surgical Ward

PURPOSE: Development of a standardized guideline and assessment tool is necessary. Therefore, the aim is to investigate the current state of enteral feeding management and to develop a basis for a standardized guideline. METHODS: From July 1, 2010 through June 30, 2011, this study was conducted retrospectively for 100 patients who had enteral feeding more than once only in the Intensive Care Unit, after General Surgery at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. The analysis was based on the following factors; age, diagnosis, name of the operation, period of start and the end of enteral feeding, method of injection, flushing method, residual volumes of the stomach, location and the size of the tube, medication through tubing, and complications related to enteral feeding. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 60.5, 65 men and 35 women. There were 30 malignant tumors of the hepatobiliary system and pancreas, 8 gastric and duodenal cancer, 4 colon and rectal cancer, 11 peritonitis, hemoperitoneum, and bowel obstruction, and 47 others. The average period of performing enteral feeding was 11.7 days and the locations of enteral feeding tube were stomach 56%, jejunum 39%, duodenum 3%, and undescribed 2%. The methods of enteral feeding were as follows; continuous feeding 19%, cyclic feeding 75%, intermittent and bolus feeding 3%, respectively. Only 1% of patients were on flushing and 16% on stomach residual. The most common complication of enteral feeding was clogging of the tube (5%). CONCLUSION: Due to the lack of detailed charting related to enteral feeding, we were unable to analyze the statistics on the relevance of complication which was the primary endpoint. As a result, development of a standardized protocol on charting enteral feeding is suggested for optimal enteral nutritional support.

Anesthetic management for separation of thoracopagus twins with complex congenital heart disease: a case report / 대한마취과학회지

Although thoracopagus twins joined at the upper chest are the most common type of conjoined twins, the separation surgery in these cases has a higher mortality rate. Here, we describe an anesthetic management approach for the separation of thoracopagus conjoined twins sharing parts of a congenitally defective heart and liver. We emphasize the importance of vigilant intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring for early detection of unexpected events. Specifically, real-time continuous monitoring of cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy allowed us to promptly detect cardiac arrest and hemodynamic deterioration.

Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumoperitoneum secondary to colonic perforation during colonoscopy / 대한마취과학회지

No abstract available.

Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumoperitoneum secondary to colonic perforation during colonoscopy / 대한마취과학회지

No abstract available.

Atrial Fibrillation during Ethanol Sclerotherapy in a Patient with Lower Limb Arteriovenous Malformation: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Alcohol embolization or sclerotherapy has been commonly used for a treatment of arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Alcohol sclerotherapy frequently produces minor local complications but may rarely produce catastrophic cardiopulmonary complications. In this case, general anesthesia was induced and the pulmonary artery pressure was monitored. After absolute alcohol (99.6% ethanol) injection, the systolic pulmonary artery pressure was increased, the systemic blood pressure was decreased and the EKG rhythm revealed supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Nitroglycerine, dobutamine, and milrinone infusions were started for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The EKG was restored to normal sinus rhythm two hours after judicious fluid administration and other vital signs were also recovered. The anesthesiologists must be aware of potentially serious cardiopulmonary complications possible with alcohol sclerotherapy and be prepared to manage severe cardiovascular compromise.

Development of the lip and palate in staged human embryos and early fetuses

Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital malformations in humans. Using 43 staged human embryos and early fetuses ranging from the 4th to 12th week of development, we investigated the development of the lip and palate in order to provide the basic developmental concepts required for managing these anomalies. The lower lip appeared as bilateral mandibular arches at Carnegie stage 11, and these were completely merged at stage 15. The components of the upper lip, medial nasal prominence and maxillary process, appeared at stage 16, and completely merged at stage 20. The median palatine process appeared at stage 16, and the lateral palatine process, at stage 17. The palatine processes and the nasal septum started to fuse abruptly at stage 23, and from external observation seemed to be fused at the 9th week. However, complete fusion did not take place until the 12th week of development. The tongue was prominent at stage 16, showed differentiation of the muscular tissue at stage 21, and was located superior to the lateral palatine process before stage 23. These results may be used in understanding the different mechanisms present in the formation of various congenital anomalies in this region.