Tree species composition, growing stock and biomass carbon dynamics of the major timber species in Hindu Kush regions of Pakistan / Composição de espécies de árvores, estoque em crescimento e dinâmica de biomassa de carbono das principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões de Indocuche no Paquistão

Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Etiology and incidence of infection in Mechanically Ventilated Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction@#Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at the greatest risk of acquiring nosocomial infections, partly because of their serious underlying disease, but also by exposure to life-saving invasive procedures. Hospital-acquired infections increase patient morbidity, increase the length of hospital stay and hospital costs, and also increases mortality rate. The basic knowledge of organisms infecting ICU patients is very important to empirically select appropriate antibiotics, so that the most likely infecting organisms are addressed.@*Objective@#The aim of the study was to find out the etiologic agents causing infection in medical intensive care unit patients.@*Results@#In our study of 289 patients, 180 (62.3%) showed a growth of organism during the stay in ICU. The most common site of infection was the respiratory tract in 138 patients (47.8%) with 60 patients (20.8%) showing Acinetobacter baumannii.

Leptospirosis Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Town Service Workers in Kuching, Malaysia

@#Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate town service personnel’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding leptospirosis prevention and the influencing factors to its practice. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kuching, Malaysia, involving town service workers using a self-administered validated questionnaire comprising sociodemographic and KAP information. The eligibility criteria included 18 years old and above and having worked for more than six months. The KAP was determined using descriptive analysis, and associations were identified using logistic regression analysis. Results: About 189 town service workers responded, giving a response rate of 87.5%, and a majority of them were Bumiputera Sarawak, with a mean age of 38.6 (±11.00) years old. The mean duration of employment was 9.3 (±6.99) years. About 88.9% had good knowledge of leptospirosis. Meanwhile, 85.2% and 79.9% had satisfactory attitudes and good practices. The knowledge on the aetiology of leptospirosis ranged from 25% to 94%. No significant association was found between the knowledge score and income with the practice score. The attitude score (AOR 1.161; 95% CI = 1.090, 1.238; p = 0.000) and working experience (AOR 1.174; 95% CI = 1.023, 1.346; p = 0.022) were found to be significantly associated with their practice score. Conclusion: Most town service workers have good knowledge and practice regarding leptospirosis prevention. Workers with good attitudes demonstrate good practising habits toward leptospirosis prevention. Awareness and activities related to disease prevention should be encouraged to ensure the continuity of a positive attitude.

Psychological Distress and Its Association with Functional Disability Index Among Acne Patients Attending Dermatology Clinics in the Kuantan Tertiary Hospitals

@#Introduction: Acne is the most common skin disease among adolescents and has significant psychological distress. Our objective is to assess acne severity, functional disability, and its psychological distress among acne patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022 among 163 acne patients attending Dermatology Clinics in the district of Kuantan, Pahang. The severity of acne was graded using the Comprehensive Acne Severity Scale (CASS). The functional disability index was measured using a Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI), while Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaires were used as a screening tool to detect the psychological distress of acne. Data were analysed using a Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean age was 23 years, 60.1% were female, 94.5% were Malay, and 68.1% were unemployed. The severity of acne was more prominent in the mild (30.7%) and moderate (28.2%) categories. A total of 20.2%, 11.7%, and 4.9% of the respondents had anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms, respectively. Regarding the respondents’ functional disability, 40.5% had mild impairment, 38.0% had moderate impairment, and 13.5% had severe impairment. Acne severity was found to be significantly associated with the functional disability index (P<0.05). The functional disability index was also found to be significantly associated with depression (p=0.019) and anxiety symptoms (p=0.042). Conclusion: Clinical management of acne patients should include not only pharmacological treatment but also consideration of the disease’s functional disability status and psychological distress.

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taif population: a case-control study

Abstract Several reasons may underlie the dramatic increase in type2 diabetes mellitus. One of these reasons is the genetic basis and variations. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with different diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible association of two identified mutations ApaI (rs7975232) and TaqI (rs731236). Eighty-nine healthy individuals and Fifty-six Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients were investigated using RFLP technique for genotyping and haplotyping as well. The distribution of Apal genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.65) as well as for diabetic patients (P=0.58). For Taql allele frequencies of T allele was 0.61 where of G allele was 0.39. The frequency distribution of Taql genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.26) as well as diabetic patients (P=0.17). Relative risk of the allele T of Apa1 gene is 1.28 and the odds ratio of the same allele is 1.53, while both estimates were 1.0 of the allele G. Similarly, with the Taq1 gene the relative risk and the odds ratio values for the allele T are 1.09 and 1.27 respectively and both estimates of the allele C were 0.86 for the relative risk and 0.79 for the odds ratio. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the two SNPs Taq1/apa1 was statistically significant in control group (D = 0.218, D' = 0.925 and P value 0.001) and similar data in diabetic groups (D = 0.2, D' = 0.875 and P value 0.001). These data suggest that the T allele of both genes Apa1 and Taq1 is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We think that we need a larger number of volunteers to reach a more accurate conclusion.

Resumo Várias razões podem estar subjacentes ao aumento dramático da diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Um desses motivos é a base genética e variações. Os polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D estão associados a diferentes doenças, como artrite reumatoide e diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a possível associação de duas mutações identificadas ApaI (rs7975232) e TaqI (rs731236). Oitenta e nove indivíduos saudáveis e 56 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) foram investigados usando a técnica RFLP para genotipagem e haplotipagem também. A distribuição dos genótipos Apal não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,65), bem como para os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,58). Para as frequências do alelo Taql, o alelo T foi de 0,61, onde o alelo G foi de 0,39. A distribuição de frequência dos genótipos Taql não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,26), bem como os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,17). O risco relativo do alelo T do gene Apa1 é 1,28 e a razão de chances do mesmo alelo é 1,53, enquanto ambas as estimativas foram 1,0 do alelo G. Da mesma forma, com o gene Taq1, os valores de risco relativo e razão de chances para o alelo T são 1,09 e 1,27, respectivamente, e ambas as estimativas do alelo C foram de 0,86 para o risco relativo e 0,79 para o odds ratio. O desequilíbrio de ligação par a par entre os dois SNPs Taq1 / apa1 foi estatisticamente significativo no grupo de controle (D = 0,218, D' = 0,925 e valor P 0,001) e dados semelhantes em grupos diabéticos (D = 0,2, D' = 0,875 e valor P 0,001). Esses dados sugerem que o alelo T de ambos os genes Apa1 e Taq1 está associado ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2. Achamos que precisamos de um número maior de voluntários para chegar a uma conclusão mais precisa.

Invivo and invitro evaluation of antitumor effects of iron oxide and folate core shell-iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.

Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.

Tree species composition, growing stock and biomass carbon dynamics of the major timber species in Hindu Kush regions of Pakistan

Abstract Using inventory data, this study evaluates the species composition, growing stock volume (GSV), and biomass carbon (BMC) of the five major timber species in the sub-tropical, and temperate/sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. It was found that the stem density varies between 50 and 221 trees ha -1, with a mean of 142 trees ha-1 (13.68 million trees for entire forest area). Among the species, Pinus wallichiana showed a high species composition (27.80%) followed by Picea smithiana (24.64%). The GSV was found in the range of 67.81 to 425.94 m3 ha-1, with a total GSV value of 20.68 million m3 for the entire region. Similarly, The BMC ranged from 27.04 to 169.86 Mg ha-1, with a mean BMC value of 86.80 Mg ha-1. The total amount of stored carbon was found at 8.69 million tons for a total of 95842 ha of commercially managed forest. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the basal area (BA) and GSV and BMC showed that BA is the best predictor of GSV and BMC. The findings provide insights to the policy makers and forest managers regarding the sustainable commercial forest management as well as forest carbon management in the recent global carbon management for climate change mitigation.

Resumo Usando dados de inventário, este estudo avaliou a composição de espécies, volume de estoque crescente (GSV) e carbono de biomassa (BMC) das cinco principais espécies madeireiras nas regiões subtropicais e temperadas/subalpinas do Paquistão. Constatou-se que a densidade do caule variou entre 50 e 221 árvores ha-1, com média de 142 árvores ha-1 (13,68 milhões de árvores para toda a área florestal). Entre as espécies, Pinus wallichiana apresentou alta composição de espécies (27,80%), seguida de Picea smithiana (24,64%). O GSV foi encontrado na faixa de 67,81 a 425,94 m3 ha-1, com um valor total de 20,68 milhões de m3 para toda a região. Da mesma forma, o BMC variou de 27,04 a 169,86 mg ha-1, com valor médio de 86,80 mg ha-1. A quantidade total de carbono armazenado foi de 8,69 milhões de toneladas para um total de 95.842 ha de floresta manejada comercialmente. Além disso, a análise de correlação entre área basal (BA), GSV e BMC mostrou que BA é o melhor preditor de GSV e BMC. As descobertas fornecem insights para os formuladores de políticas e gestores florestais sobre o manejo florestal comercial sustentável, bem como o manejo florestal de carbono no recente gerenciamento global de carbono para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas.

Novel optical coherence tomography findings in a patient with methanol toxicity: a case report

ABSTRACT We report a case of acute methanol toxicity with unique optical coherence tomography findings. A 56-year-old man was referred to our ophthalmology clinic with a history of handmade vodka consumption and vision loss. On ophthalmologic examination, his vision was 20/100 in his right eye and 20/200 in his left eye. Bilateral mild optic disk hyperemia was detected on fundus examination. Because of the severity of systemic symptoms in such cases, it is very difficult to include optical coherence tomography in the ophthalmologic examination. However, we managed to perform optical coherence tomography and recorded shallow subretinal fluid and a prominent middle limiting membrane sign as acute retinal structural changes in the patient. The patient was treated with hemodialysis, intravenous ethanol, and sodium bicarbonate. On the fourth day of treatment, visual acuity improved to 20/20 in both eyes. In addition, the prominent middle limiting membrane sign and subretinal fluid disappeared. In this unusual case, retinal pigment epithelium damage and retinal ischemia may have contributed to the prominent middle limiting membrane and subretinal fluid, which are novel optical coherence tomography findings of methanol toxicity.

Antimicrobial activity of Er, Cr: YSGG and Ultrasonic on E. faecalisbiofilm in the mesial root canal systems of lower molars / Atividade antimicrobiana de Er, Cr: YSGG e Ultrassônico no biofilme de E. faecalis nos sistemas de canais radiculares mesiais de molares inferiores

The internal topography of the root canal is complex, especially for the permanent molar's mesial root. In response to such issues, improved irrigation techniques have been created, which use laser pulses to agitate fluids and improve microbial deposit removal. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2,780 nm via photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) protocol which agitated of 2% chlorohexidine (CHX) in removing mature Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm in root canal systems of lower molars. Material and Methods: The mesial roots of lower first and second molars were separated and inoculated with E. faecalis bacterial suspension for 30 days. The roots were irrigated with CHX, some of them were agitated with a passive ultrasonic device (PUI), while the other roots were agitated by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser in PIPS at 60 µs/pulse, 5 Hz, (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) W. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used as a new method to get the results in the isthmus area; the obtained results from each group were compared with each other. Results: Based on the AFM and SEM analyses, laser and ultrasonic activation groups showed higher antimicrobial efficacy than the conventional syringe irrigation group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the investigation's findings, the activation of 2% CHX solution by Er,Cr:YSGG laser in PIPS and PUI offers better mature bacterial biofilm removal in the mesial root of lower human molars than the same irrigant with the SI technique (AU)

A topografia interna do canal radicular é complexa, especialmente para a raiz mesial do molar permanente. Em resposta a esses problemas, foram criadas técnicas aprimoradas de irrigação, que utilizam pulsos de laser para agitar fluidos e melhorar a remoção de depósitos microbianos. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do laser Er,Cr:YSGG com comprimento de onda de 2.780 nm via protocolo de streaming fotoacústico induzido por fótons (PIPS) que agitou clorohexidina a 2% (CHX) na remoção de Enterococcus faecalis maduro (E. faecalis) biofilme em sistemas de canais radiculares de molares inferiores. Material e Métodos: As raízes mesiais de 28 primeiros e segundos molares inferiores foram separadas e inoculadas com suspensão bacteriana de E. faecalis por 30 dias. As raízes foram irrigadas com CHX, sendo algumas delas agitadas com aparelho ultrassônico passivo (PUI), enquanto as demais raízes foram agitadas com laser Er,Cr:YSGG em PIPS a 60 µs/pulso, 5 Hz (0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1) W. Um microscópio de força atômica (AFM) foi utilizado como um novo método para obter os resultados na área do istmo; os resultados obtidos de cada grupo foram comparados entre si. Resultados: Com base nas análises de AFM e SEM, os grupos de ativação por laser e ultrassom apresentaram maior eficácia antimicrobiana do que o grupo de irrigação com seringa convencional (P<0.05). Conclusão: Com base nos achados da investigação, a ativação da solução de CHX a 2% pelo laser Er,Cr:YSGG em PIPS a (60 µs/pulso, 5 Hz, 0,75 W) oferece melhor remoção de biofilme (AU)

Assessment of Efficiency of Bioactive Glass, Self-Assembling Peptide, and Ozone Remineralising Agents on Artificial Carious Lesion

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the efficacy of bioactive glass, self-assembling peptide, and ozone-remineralizing agents on the artificial carious lesion. Material and Methods: On the extracted 60 premolar teeth, an artificial carious lesion/demineralization was created. Later, the remineralization of demineralized teeth was done with respective remineralizing agents (Group A: Calcium sodium phosphosilicate (bioactive glass), Group B: Self-assembling peptide, Group C: Ozone remineralizing agents and Group D (Control): De ionized water. The degree of demineralization and remineralization were evaluated using the Vickers Hardness Number. Results: There was a decrease in microhardness from baseline to demineralization in all the groups, and this reduction was found to be statistically considerable. After the remineralization of demineralized samples with respective remineralizing agents, there was an increase in microhardness of 312.38, 276.67, and 254.42 in groups A, B, and C, respectively. In contrast, in Group D, there were no changes. Conclusion: Bioactive glass and self-assembling peptides had higher remineralizing capacities, which can be used to treat early carious lesions.

Invivo and invitro evaluation of antitumor effects of iron oxide and folate core shell-iron oxide nanoparticles / Avaliação in vivo e in vitro dos efeitos antitumorais de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e óxido de ferro com núcleo de folato

Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.

Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis ​​no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.

Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taif population: a case-control study / Associação de polimorfismos do gene do receptor de vitamina D com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na população Taif: um estudo de caso-controle

Abstract Several reasons may underlie the dramatic increase in type2 diabetes mellitus. One of these reasons is the genetic basis and variations. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with different diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible association of two identified mutations ApaI (rs7975232) and TaqI (rs731236). Eighty-nine healthy individuals and Fifty-six Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients were investigated using RFLP technique for genotyping and haplotyping as well. The distribution of Apal genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.65) as well as for diabetic patients (P=0.58). For Taql allele frequencies of T allele was 0.61 where of G allele was 0.39. The frequency distribution of Taql genotypes was not statistically significant among the control (P=0.26) as well as diabetic patients (P=0.17). Relative risk of the allele T of Apa1 gene is 1.28 and the odds ratio of the same allele is 1.53, while both estimates were < 1.0 of the allele G. Similarly, with the Taq1 gene the relative risk and the odds ratio values for the allele T are 1.09 and 1.27 respectively and both estimates of the allele C were 0.86 for the relative risk and 0.79 for the odds ratio. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the two SNPs Taq1/apa1 was statistically significant in control group (D = 0.218, D' = 0.925 and P value < 0.001) and similar data in diabetic groups (D = 0.2, D' = 0.875 and P value < 0.001). These data suggest that the T allele of both genes Apa1 and Taq1 is associated with the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We think that we need a larger number of volunteers to reach a more accurate conclusion.

Resumo Várias razões podem estar subjacentes ao aumento dramático da diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Um desses motivos é a base genética e variações. Os polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D estão associados a diferentes doenças, como artrite reumatoide e diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a possível associação de duas mutações identificadas ApaI (rs7975232) e TaqI (rs731236). Oitenta e nove indivíduos saudáveis ​​e 56 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (T2D) foram investigados usando a técnica RFLP para genotipagem e haplotipagem também. A distribuição dos genótipos Apal não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,65), bem como para os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,58). Para as frequências do alelo Taql, o alelo T foi de 0,61, onde o alelo G foi de 0,39. A distribuição de frequência dos genótipos Taql não foi estatisticamente significativa entre o controle (P = 0,26), bem como os pacientes diabéticos (P = 0,17). O risco relativo do alelo T do gene Apa1 é 1,28 e a razão de chances do mesmo alelo é 1,53, enquanto ambas as estimativas foram < 1,0 do alelo G. Da mesma forma, com o gene Taq1, os valores de risco relativo e razão de chances para o alelo T são 1,09 e 1,27, respectivamente, e ambas as estimativas do alelo C foram de 0,86 para o risco relativo e 0,79 para o odds ratio. O desequilíbrio de ligação par a par entre os dois SNPs Taq1 / apa1 foi estatisticamente significativo no grupo de controle (D = 0,218, D' = 0,925 e valor P < 0,001) e dados semelhantes em grupos diabéticos (D = 0,2, D' = 0,875 e valor P < 0,001). Esses dados sugerem que o alelo T de ambos os genes Apa1 e Taq1 está associado ao aumento do risco de diabetes tipo 2. Achamos que precisamos de um número maior de voluntários para chegar a uma conclusão mais precisa.

Vulnerability in women primary caregivers of children in palliative care due to intimate partner violence in a pediatric hospital in Mexico / Vulnerabilidad en mujeres cuidadoras primarias de menores en cuidados paliativos debida a violencia de pareja en un hospital de niños en México

Abstract Background: Women are the primary caregivers of children in palliative care. Research has shown that the presence of intimate partner violence at home exacerbates the vulnerability of the caregiver. Current statistics indicate a high prevalence of violence in Mexico present in the intersectionality between intimate partner violence and the role of the primary caregiver. This study aimed to describe the frequency of intimate partner violence among primary palliative caregivers at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional and prospective study with convenience sampling; no sample calculation was performed. All female primary caregivers of children in the palliative care unit were invited to participate. The Scale of Violence and Index of Severity of Violence was used as the measuring instrument. Results: One hundred women participated in the study by submitting their survey in a designated mailbox. No sociodemographic data or patient diagnoses were collected. The frequency of intimate partner violence was 28%, of which 16% were considered severe cases. Women reported psychological violence (36%), sexual violence (23%), and physical violence (22%). Conclusions: Almost one-third of female primary caregivers of pediatric patients at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez have been victims of some form of violence by current partners. This study highlights a previously unreported problem and opens the door for studies to correlate intimate partner violence among primary caregivers and the quality of life of children in palliative care.

Resumen Introducción: Las mujeres son las principales cuidadoras de los niños en cuidados paliativos. Las investigaciones han demostrado que la violencia de pareja en el hogar exacerba la vulnerabilidad del cuidador. Las estadísticas actuales sobre violencia en México indican una alta prevalencia presente en la interseccionalidad entre la violencia de pareja y el rol de cuidador principal. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la frecuencia de violencia de pareja entre los cuidadores primarios del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal y prospectivo con muestreo por conveniencia; no se realizó ningún cálculo de muestra. Se invitó a participar a todas las mujeres cuidadoras primarias de niños en la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos. Se utilizó como instrumento la Escala de Violencia e Índice de Severidad de la Violencia. Resultados: Cien mujeres participaron en el estudio; no se recogieron sus datos sociodemográficos ni diagnósticos. La frecuencia de violencia de pareja fue del 28%: 16% se consideraron casos graves. Las mujeres reportaron violencia psicológica (36%), violencia sexual (23%) y violencia física (22%). Conclusiones: Alrededor de la tercera parte de las mujeres cuidadoras principales de pacientes pediátricos del HIMFG han sido víctimas de algún tipo de violencia por parte de sus parejas actuales. Este estudio destaca un problema no informado previamente y abre la puerta a estudios para correlacionar la violencia de pareja íntima entre los cuidadores primarios y la calidad de vida de los niños en cuidados paliativos.

Prediction of Preterm Delivery Using Serum Ischemia Modified Albumin, Biglycan, and Decorin Levels in Women with Threatened Preterm Labor / Previsão de parto prematuro usando albumina modificada por isquemia sérica, biglicano e níveis de decorina em mulheres com ameaça de trabalho de parto prematuro

Abstract Objective The serum ischemia modified albumin (IMA), biglycan, and decorin levels of pregnant women who were hospitalized for threatened preterm labor were measured. Methods Fifty-one consecutive pregnant women with a single pregnancy between the 24th and 36th weeks with a diagnosis of threatened preterm labor were included in the present prospective cohort study. Results As a result of multivariate logistic regression analysis for predicting preterm delivery within 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, 14 days, ≤ 35 gestational weeks, and ≤ 37 gestational weeks after admission, area under the curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval [CI[) values were 0.95 (0.89-1.00), 0.93 (0.86-0.99), 0.91 (0.83-0.98), 0.92 (0.85-0.99), 0.82 (0.69-0.96), and 0.89 (0.80-0.98), respectively. In the present study, IMA and biglycan levels were found to be higher and decorin levels lower in women admitted to the hospital with threatened preterm labor and who gave preterm birth within 48 hours compared with those who gave birth after 48 hours. Conclusion In pregnant women admitted to the hospital with threatened preterm labor, the prediction preterm delivery of the combined model created by adding IMA, decorin, and biglycan in addition to the TVS CL measurement was higher than the TVS CL measurement alone. Clinical trial registration The present trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT04451928.

Resumo Objetivo Medir os níveis séricos de albumina modificada por isquemia (IMA), biglicano e decorina de gestantes hospitalizadas por ameaça de parto prematuro. Métodos Cinquenta e uma mulheres grávidas consecutivas com uma única gravidez entre a 24ᵃ e a 36ᵃ semanas com diagnóstico de ameaça de trabalho de parto prematuro foram incluídas no presente estudo de corte prospectivo. Resultados Como resultado da análise de regressão logística multivariada para prever parto prematuro dentro de 24 horas, 48 horas, 7 dias, 14 dias, ≤ 35 semanas gestacionais e ≤ 37 semanas gestacionais após a admissão, área sob a curva (AUC) (95% de confiança os valores de intervalo [CI[) foram 0,95 (0,89-1,00), 0,93 (0,86-0,99), 0,91 (0,83-0,98), 0,92 (0,85-0,99), 0,82 (0,69-0,96) e 0,89 (0,80-0,98), respectivamente. No presente estudo, os níveis de IMA e biglican foram maiores e os níveis de decorin menores em mulheres admitidas no hospital com ameaça de trabalho de parto prematuro e que tiveram parto prematuro em 48 horas em comparação com aquelas que deram à luz após 48 horas. Conclusão Em gestantes admitidas no hospital com ameaça de trabalho de parto prematuro, a predição de parto prematuro do modelo combinado criado pela adição de IMA, decorin e biglican, além da medição do TVS CL, foi maior do que a medição do TVS CL isoladamente. Registro do ensaio clínico O presente ensaio foi registrado em ClinicalTrials.gov, número NCT04451928.

Endoscopic Orientation of Juxta-pituitary Carotid in Transsphenoidal Approaches: Critical Considerations for Clinical Applications

Abstract Introduction In sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined carotid bony landmarks, accidental injury of the internal carotid artery (ICA) remains one of the most challenging complications, which is particularly reported in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches (EETAs). Objectives To describe an anatomical model for the endoscopic orientation of the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA in relation to the lateral opticocarotid recess (OCR) as a nearby bony landmark. Methods Dissection was performed progressively, simulating the EETA, in twenty fresh adult cadavers. After reducing the posterior and lateral walls of the sphenoid sinuses, various measurements were taken from both lateral OCRs to "contact points" on the juxta-pituitary segment of the ICA and lateral margins of the pituitary gland. Results The current results have enabled us to divide the region between the lateral OCRs into 3 compartments: 2 lateral parasellar compartments contain juxta-pituitary segments of the ICA with a mean width of 8 mm and a narrow range from 7 mm to 10 mm; and a central intercarotid sellar compartment represents the safe region for bone drilling, showing widely variable widths ranging from 9 mm to 20 mm. In all specimens, the variation in the width of the intercarotid compartment correlated with the distance between both lateral OCRs. Conclusion The present study improves surgeon awareness of the variations in the course of the ICA through the EETA along sphenoid sinuses with ill-defined bony landmarks. An appreciation of the measurements taken in the present study can help in operative training, and can also provide a base for future studies to confirm ICA courses associated with a higher risk of injury.

Autophagic-Related anticancer effect of grapes extract and tomatoes extract: Ex-Vivo study

Cells undergo autophagy to save themselves from injury, but progressive autophagy can cause cell death. This study characterized and compared the effect of grape (resveratrol) and tomato (lycopene) extracts and their combination on modulating autophagy-related miRNA and its target gene in squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Docking analysis for extracts and selected genes was performed. Methyl Thiazol Tetrazolium assays were used to assess the cytotoxicity of extracts and their combination toward HEp-2 cells. qRT-PCR was used to quantify changes in gene expression. Data were statistically analyzed. miRNA-20a was identified as a potential effector in laryngeal cancer, and sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) was its target gene. Docking analysis showed that resveratrol interacted with miRNA-20a and showed less affinity toward SQSTM1. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were predicted. In contrast, lycopene showed less affinity toward miRNA-20a than resveratrol. Increasing doses of resveratrol, lycopene, and their combination induced a statistically significant reduction in mean percent viability and mean fold changes of miRNA-20a and SQSTM1 expression in treated HEp-2 cells. Pearson's correlation showed a statistically significant positive correlation between miRNA-20a and SQSTM1 (R=0.812, p≤0.001). Grape and tomato extracts and their combination display promising cytotoxicity against HEp-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Both extracts reduce the expression of miRNA-20a and SQSTM1 with subsequent inhibition autophagy and promotion of apoptosis in HEp-2 cells.

Las células se someten a autofagia para salvarse de lesiones, pero la autofagia progresiva puede provocar la muerte celular. Este estudio caracterizó y comparó el efecto de los extractos de uva (resveratrol) y tomate (licopeno) y su combinación en la modulación de miARN relacionado con la autofagia y su gen diana en la línea celular de carcinoma de células escamosas. Se realizó análisis de acoplamiento para extractos y genes seleccionados. Se utilizaron ensayos de metil tiazol tetrazolio para evaluar la citotoxicidad de los extractos y su combinación frente a las células HEp-2. qRT-PCR se utilizó para cuantificar los cambios en la expresión génica. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente. El miARN-20a se identificó como un efector potencial en el cáncer de laringe y el secuenciasoma-1 (SQSTM1) fue su gen diana. El análisis de acoplamiento mostró que el resveratrol interactuaba con miRNA-20a y mostraba menos afinidad hacia SQSTM1. Se predijeron enlaces de hidrógeno e interacciones hidrofóbicas. Por el contrario, el licopeno mostró menos afinidad hacia el miARN-20a que el resveratrol. El aumento de las dosis de resveratrol, licopeno y su combinación indujo una reducción estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje medio de viabilidad y los cambios medios en la expresión de miRNA- 20a y SQSTM1 en las células HEp-2 tratadas. La correlación de Pearson mostró una correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre miRNA-20a y SQSTM1 (R=0,812, p≤0,001). Los extractos de uva y tomate y su combinación muestran una citotoxicidad prometedora contra las células HEp-2 de forma dependiente de la dosis y el tiempo. Ambos extractos reducen la expresión de miRNA-20a y SQSTM1 con la posterior inhibición de la autofagia y promoción de la apoptosis en células HEp-2.

Relationship between the occlusal plane and three different levels of ala-tragus line in a sample of sudanese adults / Relación entre el plano oclusal y tres niveles diferentes de la línea ala-trago en una muestra de adultos sudaneses

Aim: Correct orientation of the occlusal plane plays a vital role in achieving the perfect occlusal balance and function of complete dentures. This study aimed to evaluate the most reliable posterior reference point of the ala-tragus line (ATL) concerning occlusal plane (OP) in a sample of the dentate Sudanese population. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 subjects with healthy and well-aligned permanent teeth were randomly selected. Right lateral profile photographs were taken with subjects having a fox plane placed intra-orally, contacting the occlusal plane. Reference points corresponding to inferior, middle, and superior borders of the tragus and inferior border of the ala of the nose were marked on photographs. The angles between the lines were measured using the Auto-CAD software program, and the most parallel relationship was determined. Descriptive statistics in terms of means and standard deviations were presented. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA tests were used to compare as appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean angle formed by the OP and ATL was 8.5±3.69º for the superior level, 4.68±3.13º for the middle line, and 2.89±2.57º for the inferior line. A significant difference was found between the means of the three angles (p< 0.001), while no significant difference (p> 0.05) was found between both genders regarding the measured angles. Conclusions: The line joining the inferior border of the ala of the nose with the inferior border of the tragus of the ear was the most reliable line in terms of parallelism to determine the occlusal plane orientation.

Antecedentes: La orientación correcta del plano oclusal juega un papel vital para lograr el equilibrio oclusal perfecto y la función de las prótesis completas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el punto de referencia posterior más confiable de la línea ala-trago (ATL) con respecto al plano oclusal (OP) en una muestra de la población dentada de Sudán. Materiales y Métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente un total de 150 sujetos con dientes permanentes sanos y bien alineados. Se tomaron fotografías de perfil lateral derecho de sujetos a los que se les colocó un plano de zorro intraoralmente, en contacto con el plano oclusal. En las fotografías se marcaron los puntos de referencia correspondientes a los bordes inferior, medio y superior del trago y al borde inferior del ala de la nariz. Los ángulos entre las líneas se midieron utilizando el programa de software Auto-CAD y se determinó la relación más paralela. Se presentaron estadísticas descriptivas en términos de medias y desviaciones estándar. Se utilizaron prueba-t independiente y prueba ANOVA unidireccional para las comparaciones, según correspondiera. Se consideró significativo un valor de p<0,05. Resultados: El ángulo medio formado por OP y ATL fue de 8,5±3,69º para el nivel superior, 4,68±3,13º para la línea media y 2,89±2,57º para la línea inferior. Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre las medias de los tres ángulos (p< 0,001), mientras que no se encontró diferencia significativa (p>0,05) entre ambos sexos con respecto a los ángulos medidos. Conclusión: La línea que une el borde inferior del ala de la nariz con el borde inferior del trago de la oreja fue la línea más confiable en términos de paralelismo para determinar la orientación del plano oclusal.

Assessment of the Severity of CAD Regarding Number of Vessels Involved

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is characterized by atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries. The dynamic nature of the CAD process results in various clinical presentations. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a practical, widely available marker for assessing the severity of coronary artery disease and helps in the risk stratification of patients with CAD. This study aimed to analyze the severity of CAD regarding the number of vessels involved. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 124 purposively selected patients who underwent elective CAG in the Department of Cardiology, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chattogram, from January 2020 to June 2021. SPSS 23.0 software was used for processing and analysis at the end of the data collection period. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 32-75 years with a mean (±SD) age of 53.4 (±9.9) years. The majority of the patients (83.1%) were male with a male-to-female ratio of 4.9:1. On coronary angiography, the majority of the patients (51/124, 41.1%) had triple vessel disease, followed by double vessel disease in 23 (28.5%) patients, single-vessel disease in 31 (25.0%). In 19 (15.4%) patients no significant lesion was observed in any of the vessels. Gensini score ranged between 1 and 176 in the study with a median score of 56.77. The majority of the patients (69.4%) in the present study had a Gensini score ?30 indicating severe stenosis. A positive correlation between RDW and coronary artery disease severity in terms of Gensini score (r=0.393). With the increase of RDW, the Gensini score increases. It was found statistically significant (p=<0.001) by Pearson’s correlation test. There was a positive correlation between RDW and CAD severity regarding the number of vessels involved (rho =0.5). With the increase of RDW, the number of involved vessels increases. It was found statistically significant (p=<0.001) by Spearman’s correlation test. The Median (IQR) value of RDW was 13.5 (13.0-14.0) in patients with mild stenosis compared to 14.5 (13.9-15.0) in patients with severe stenosis. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The median (IQR) value of RDW was the lowest in patients without any significant stenosis in any of the coronary arteries [13.1% (12.7%-13.5%)] and was the highest in patients with triple vessel diseases [14.5% (14.1%-15.0%)]. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that RDW level was an independent predictor for CAD and the severity of coronary stenosis. So, it can be concluded that RDW is an inexpensive routine laboratory test that might help identify high-risk patients before planning for a more invasive treatment strategy.

Menstrual Abnormalities Among Adolescent Females Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Background: To study the menstrual abnormalities among adolescent females attending a gynaecolocial outpatient department (OPD) in a tertiary care hospital. Material & Methods: It was a cross sectional study which was carried at outpatient department (OPD) of obstetrics and gynaecology, Government medical college Srinagar over a period of 6 months. A total of 90 adolescent females in the age group 10-19 years were included in the study. Along with the demographic profile, menstrual abnormalities were evaluated with the help of self-structured questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the study population was 15.6 ± 2.8 years. Majority of the adolescent females were in the age group of 16-19 years (44.4%), literate with formal education above 10th class (37.8%) and from rural background (56.7%).Dysmenorrhea was the most common menstrual morbidity in 64.4% of adolescent females followed by menorrhagia (26.7%). Pain abdomen was the most common premenstrual symptom encountered by 62.2% of females. Conclusion: Menstrual abnormalities are common in the adolescent females with dysmenorrhea being the commonest.

Antibacterial Activity of Lawsonia inermis Leaf Extracts against Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Infected Wounds

Background: Wound infection comprises numerous different organisms that have the ability to surface colonization of wounds. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the pathogenic bacteria associated with wound infections. Aim: This study isolated and identified multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from infected wounds and determine the antibacterial activity of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts against it. Design: This is a Clinical and laboratory-based study involving patients with defined cases of wound infections. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Microbiology (Bacteriology) laboratory of Specialist Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria, from February to November 2021. Methods: Twenty-eight (28) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 179 wound swabs using standard laboratory procedures and were screened for multidrug-resistant patterns according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibacterial efficacy of the aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis was tested against the multidrug-resistant isolates using agar well diffusion techniques. The zone of inhibition was measured and the differences between means were statistically analyzed (p<0.05). Results: A total of twenty-eight (28) multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were confirmed, showing resistance to Amoxicillin (64.3%), Ceftazidime (85.71%), and Cefotaxime (78.57%) but sensitivity to Imipenem (95.5%). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and tannins among others. MDR P. aeruginosa was inhibited at varied concentrations of the extracts with the diameter mean zone of inhibition increasing as the concentration increased. The Methanol extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against MDR P. aeruginosa with a mean zone of inhibition of 9.500±0.288mm at 400mg/ml. Conclusion: These results indicated that Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts possess antibacterial activities on Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa which could be a good source for the production of plant-based antibacterial drugs., although somewhat less than the synthetic standard drugs (Imipenem) having a mean of 13.83±0.288mm.