Frecuencia de síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores de la ciudad El Alto-Bolivia, gestión 2019 / Frequency of metabolic syndrome among elderly people in the city of El Alto, Bolivia, in 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: el síndrome metabólico es una entidad compleja, compuesta por factores de riesgo cardiaco como: Obesidad, Diabetes. Hipertensión, dislipemia etc. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores de la ciudad El Alto, durante la gestión 2019. METODOLOGÍA: investigación transversal cuantitativa, se evaluaron a 124 individuos, reclutados en Auki Utas por el gobierno autónomo municipal de El Alto, mediante coordinación con la Unidad de Protección al Adulto Mayor, durante la gestión 2019. Previo consentimiento informado, se determinó antropometría, tensión arterial, toma de muestra de sangre venosa, para procesamiento de pruebas bioquímicas, (glucemia, triglicéridos, colesterol total, HDL colesterol y LDL colesterol). RESULTADOS: el 62% (77/124) de la población estudiada se encuadra dentro del diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico, presentando datos alterados en por lo menos tres de los criterios evaluados. CONCLUSIONES: la población estudiada presenta altos porcentajes de síndrome metabólico, con mayor tendencia a la obesidad e hipertensión, por lo que es importante la promoción y prevención, ya que el sobrepeso y obesidad son factores de riesgo para la resistencia a la insulina, determinante de los demás criterios (marcadores), actividades de promoción y prevención son necesarias en la ciudad de El Alto, para evitar morbimortalidad por síndrome metabólico

INTRODUCTION: metabolic syndrome is a complex entity, composed of cardiac risk factors such as: obesity, diabetes. hypertension, dyslipidemia, etc. OBJECTIVE: determine a baseline regarding metabolic syndrome in older adults in the El Alto city, which can be used in the future to carry out potential preventive interventions. METHODOLOGY: quali-quantitative research, studied 124 individuals, recruited in Auki Utas by the Autonomous Municipal Government of El Alto city, through coordination with the Protection Unit for the Elderly, during the 2019 administration. Prior informed consent, anthropometry was determined blood pressure, venous blood sampling, for processing biochemical tests (blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL). RESULTS: 62% (77/124) of the studied population falls within the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, presenting altered data in at least three of the evaluated entities. CONCLUSIONS: the population studied presents high percentages of metabolic syndrome, with a greater tendency to obesity and hypertension, so promotion and prevention is important, since overweight and obesity are risk factors for insulin resistance, a determinant of the other criteria (markers), promotion and prevention activities are necessary in the El Alto city, to avoid morbidity and mortality due to metabolic syndrome

Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbon Contents in the Leaves of Selected Crops Grown on Crude Oil Polluted Agricultural Soil

Aim: The Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) levels in the leaves of three edible plants (Allium cepa, Telfairia occidentalis and Zea mays) grown on soil polluted with 100 ml of crude oil were examined. Study Design: This experiment was conducted in two groups where the soil samples were polluted before planting (PB) and polluted 2 weeks after planting (PA). Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Imo State, Nigeria, within a period of 4 weeks based on each group’s pollution time. Methodology: The tests for total hydrocarbon content (THC) were analyzed at different wavelengths for polluted soil and leaf samples using UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. Soil THC tests were determined on days 0, 14 and 28 respectively while THC tests on leaves of study plants were assessed on day 14 and 28. Results: The total hydrocarbon content values of the unpolluted soil (UPS) and the non-planted polluted soil (PS) subjected to this analysis on day zero were (UPS = 96.38 mg/kg; PS = 1082.80 mg/kg). However, results obtained on day 14 and 28 showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between the unpolluted soil sample (UPS) and all the planted polluted soil for Telfairia occidentalis (TOPB, TOPA), Allium cepa (ACPB, ACPA), Zea mays (ZMPB, ZMPA) as well as, the non-planted polluted soil (PS). For the leaf samples, TOPB had the highest THC value of 14.47mg/kg and 36.73 mg/kg for day 14 and 28 respectively while ZMPB had the lowest value of 5.38mg/kg at day 14 and ZMPA, the least THC value of 7.76mg/kg at day 28. Conclusion: Based on the varying THC levels observed in the leaves of crops used for this study; it was connoted that, bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons depends on the plants phytoremediation capability and the mode of pollution as observed in TOPB.

Influence of Congenital Heart Defect Types over Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Aortic Cross-Clamping, and Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay and Their Association with Genetic Factors

Aim: Surgical correction of congenital heart defects (CHD) often requires interruption of blood flow through cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamping (ACC), for which duration(s) are considered to be prognostic factors, along with intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (ICULOS). The aim of this study was to evaluate these surgical prognostic factors in pediatric patients with different types of CHD regarding their type of lesion and associated genetic factors. Study Design: Cross-sectional cohort study with 307 pediatric patients. Place and Duration of Study: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, in Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil, from 2006-2009 (3 years) Methodology: After inclusion criteria, we studied 266 pediatric patients admitted for the first time in a reference cardiac pediatric ICU from Southern Brazil following cardiac surgery. Intraoperative prognostic factors such as duration of CPB, ACC and ICULOS, in addition to dysmorphological and cytogenetic examinations were compiled and analyzed. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant. Results: CPB time was associated to four outflow tract defects (Tetralogy of Fallot [ToF], transposition of the great arteries [TGA], double outlet right ventricle, and truncus arteriosus [TA]), atrioventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) (P < 0.001). ACC duration was associated with three outflow tract defects (ToF, TGA, and TA) and HLHS (P < 0.001). Moreover, CPB and ACC times showed an association with cyanotic and complex heart defects, as well as prolonged ICULOS (P < 0.001). There was no relationship between these prognostic factors and syndromic aspects or cytogenetic findings. Conclusions: CHD type has an impact over CPB and ACC duration and ICULOS, whereas genetic factors are not associated with those prognostic factors.

Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos / Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel): methodological aspects / Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel): aspectos metodológicos

Resumo: Este artigo descreve a metodologia utilizada na realização do Inquérito Telefônico de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis em Tempos de Pandemia (Covitel), desenvolvido no Brasil em 2022. O Covitel é um inquérito de base populacional, com representatividade para o Brasil e suas cinco macrorregiões: Centro-oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste e Sul. O inquérito apresenta informações sobre o impacto dos principais fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) na população adulta, com 18 anos ou mais, residente em domicílios servidos por linhas telefônicas fixas e móveis. O estudo tem por objetivo colaborar para o desenvolvimento e acompanhamento de políticas públicas voltadas para a promoção da saúde para a população, bem como obter resultados que visem contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a influência da COVID-19 nos fatores de risco para as DCNT no país. Foram avaliados 9 mil indivíduos e coletadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, saúde mental, estado de saúde, hipertensão arterial, diabetes e depressão, além do consumo de álcool e tabaco, comparando os momentos pré-pandemia e o primeiro trimestre de 2022. Além disso, o estudo coletou informações acerca do esquema vacinal da população e da infecção por COVID-19.

Abstract: This study describes the methodology of the Telephone Survey of Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases During the Pandemic (Covitel), conducted in Brazil in 2022. Covitel is a population-based survey representing Brazil and its five macroregions (Central-West, Northeast, North, Southeast, and South) and providing information on the impact of the main risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) on the adult population aged 18 years or above who live in households served by fixed and mobile telephone lines. This study aims to contribute to the development and monitoring of public policies to promote the population's health and obtain results to contribute to the knowledge of the influence of COVID-19 on risk factors for NCDs in the country. We evaluated 9,000 individuals and collected information on their diet, physical activity, mental health, health status, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, comparing the pre-pandemic moments and the first quarter of 2022. We also collected information about the population's vaccination schedule and COVID-19 infection history.

Resumen: Este artículo describe la metodología empleada para realizar la Encuesta Telefónica de Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles en Tiempos de Pandemia (Covitel), realizada en Brasil en el 2022. Covitel es una encuesta de base poblacional, representativa de Brasil y sus cinco macrorregiones: Centro-Oeste, Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste y Sur, y brinda información sobre el impacto de los principales factores de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) en la población adulta, de 18 años o más, que vive en hogares con servicio de telefonía fija y móvil. El estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al desarrollo y seguimiento de políticas públicas dirigidas a la promoción de la salud de la población, así como obtener resultados que tengan como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento sobre la influencia de la COVID-19 en los factores de riesgo para las ECNT en el país. Se evaluó a 9.000 individuos y se recopiló información sobre alimentación, actividad física, salud mental, estado de salud, hipertensión arterial, diabetes y depresión, además del consumo de alcohol y tabaco, comparando los momentos previos a la pandemia con el primer trimestre de 2022. Además, el estudio recopiló información sobre el calendario de vacunación de la población y la infección por COVID-19.

Concordância entre as medidas aferidas de peso, altura e IMC e autorrelatadas pela internet em participantes da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas de 1993: estudo transversal de validação / Agreement between measured weight, height and BMI and Web-based self-reported data in participants of the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil: a cross-sectional validation study / Concordancia entre medidas de peso, talla e IMC autoinformadas en internet en participantes de la Cohorte de Nascimiento de Pelotas de 1993, Brasil: estudio de validación transversal

Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre altura, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC) aferidos durante o acompanhamento dos 22 anos da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 1993, e dados autorrelatados durante o acompanhamento online da coortesnaweb. Métodos: estudo transversal de validação; a concordância foi avaliada pelos coeficientes de correlação de Lin para medidas contínuas e de Kappa ponderado para o estado nutricional; utilizou-se a correlação de Spearman para estimar a correlação entre as medidas. Resultados: 783 participantes foram incluídos; observou-se alta correlação e alta concordância entre as medidas de altura (r = 0,966; ρ = 0,966), peso (r = 0,934; ρ = 0,928) e IMC (r = 0,903; ρ = 0,910) aferidas e as autorrelatadas via internet; não houve correlação entre as diferenças médias e o intervalo de tempo entre as medidas. Conclusão: utilizar a internet para coletar medidas antropométricas autorrelatadas é um método válido, comparado ao método tradicional.

Objective: to evaluate the agreement between measured height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) during the 22-year follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and self-reported data during the online follow-up of the coortesnaweb. Methods: this was a cross-sectional validation study; agreement was assessed by means of Lin's concordance correlation coefficient for continuous measures and weighted Kappa for nutritional status; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to estimate the correlation between measurements. Results: a total of 783 participants were included; it could be seen high correlation and high agreement between the measured height (r = 0.966; ρ = 0.966), weight (r = 0.934; ρ = 0.928), and BMI (r = 0.903; ρ = 0.910) and Web-based self-reported data; there was no correlation between mean difference and the time interval between measurements. Conclusion: using the Internet to collect self-reported anthropometric measurements is as valid as the traditional method.

Objetivo: evaluar la concordancia entre la altura, el peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) medidos durante el acompañamiento de 22 años de la cohorte de nacimientos de Pelotas de 1993 y autoinformado durante el seguimiento en línea de la coortesnaweb. Métodos: estudio metodológico de validación. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Lin para medidas continuas, y de Kappa ponderado para el estado nutricional y la correlación de Spearman para la correlación entre medidas. Resultados: se incluyeron 783 participantes, con alta correlación y concordancia entre las medidas de talla (r = 0,966; ρ = 0,966), peso (r = 0,934; ρ = 0,928) e IMC (r = 0,903; ρ = 0,910) medidos y autoinformados vía web. No hubo correlación entre las diferencias de medidas y el intervalo de tiempo entre las mediciones. Conclusión: el uso de internet para recopilar variables antropométricas autoinformadas es válido en comparación con el método tradicional.

Evaluation of nutritional composition of flour residue of mangaba processing / Avaliação dos fatos nutricionais do processamento do resíduo da farinha de mangaba

Among several fruits, mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), it aroused the interest of producers and consumers due to its attractive sensory characteristics and health beneficial properties (high nutritional value and presence of bioactive substances), thus, this work evaluates the nutritional factors of the flour residue of mangaba processing that is despised by the food industry, and the influence of temperature on its production. The mangaba processing residue was splited in two main groups: in natura sample (control), and other for preparation of flour that was dried at 50 °C and divided into two other groups: treatment A (flour with roasts at 110 °C and 130 °C) and treatment B (flour from drying at 50 °C). The nutritional characteristics of flours were analyzed considering the chemical parameters: pH, titratable total acidity and soluble solids, in addition to the determination of moisture content, total lipids, total dietary fiber and ash, total energy value, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, quantification of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as technological functional properties (water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), milk absorption index (MAI) and milk solubility index (MSI) and oil absorption index (OAI). The results showed that the bioactive compounds present in the extracts do not have significant properties of acting as free radical kidnappers. The heat treatment, performed in the flour of mangaba processing residues, influenced the nutritional factors and properties of absorption and solubility, which showed statistical differences. These results show that the flour is a viable alternative for the energy enrichment of diets, contributing to the development of new products, the reduction of the disposal of these residues and consequently to the minimization of the environmental impact.

Dentre as diversas frutas a mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), despertou interesse de produtores e consumidores devido às suas características sensoriais atrativas e propriedades benéficas à saúde (elevado valor nutricional e presença de substâncias bioativas), assim, o trabalho avaliar os fatores nutricionais do resíduo da farinha de processamento de mangaba que é desprezado pela indústria alimentícia e, a influência da temperatura na sua produção. O resíduo de processamento da mangaba foi dividido em dois lotes, sendo um deles utilizado para as análises in natura (amostra controle) e o outro para a confecção da farinha que foi seca a 50 °C, e dividida em dois lotes: tratamento A (farinha com torras a 110 °C e 130 °C) e no tratamento B (farinha oriunda da secagem a 50 °C). Analisou-se as características nutricionais de farinhas considerando os parâmetros químicos: pH, acidez total titulável e sólidos solúveis, além da determinação do teor de umidade, lipídios totais, fibra alimentar total e cinzas, valor energético total, atividade antioxidante, triagem fitoquímica, quantificação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, bem como as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas (índice de absorção de água (IAA), índice de solubilidade em água (ISA), índice de absorção de leite (IAL) e índice de solubilidade em leite (ISL) e índice de absorção de óleo (IAO). Na análise foi inferido que os compostos bioativos presentes nos extratos não possuem propriedades significativas de agir como sequestradores de radicais livres. O tratamento térmico, realizado na farinha de resíduos de processamento de mangaba, influenciou nos dados dos fatores nutricionais e das propriedades de absorção e solubilidade, os quais apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Estes resultados credenciam a farinha como uma alternativa viável para o enriquecimento energético de dietas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de [...].

Identification by molecular techniques of halophilic bacteria producing important enzymes from pristine area in Campeche, Mexico

Abstract Isla Arena is located in the coordinate 20° 70´ N - 90° 45´ W, from Campeche, Mexico. In these estuaries, the ocean mixes with fresh water, and ecosystems are concentrated where petenes and pink flamingos proliferate. Crustaceans and mollusks abound in the sea. Despite its enormous marine wealth, there are no studies carried out on which halophilic microorganisms are present in these waters. In this work, the diversity and structure of the microbial community was investigated through a metagenomics approach and corroborated for sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. It was found that the phylum Fimicutes predominates with more than 50%, in almost the same proportion of the class Bacilli and with almost 41% of relative abundance of the order Bacillales. The sequencing results showed that one of the samples presented a high percentage of similarity (99.75%) using the Nucleotide BLAST program with a peculiar microorganism: Bacillus subtilis. This microorganism is one of the best characterized bacteria among the gram-positive ones. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis can be an efficient source of proteases, lipases and cellulases, from halophilic microbial communities located in poorly explored areas.

Resumo Isla Arena está localizada na coordenada 20°70N - 90°45W, de Campeche, México. Nesses estuários, o oceano se mistura com a água doce e os ecossistemas se concentram onde proliferam petenos e flamingos rosa. Crustáceos e moluscos abundam no mar. Apesar de sua enorme riqueza marinha, não há estudos realizados sobre a presença de microrganismos halofílicos nessas águas. Neste trabalho, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana foram investigadas através de uma abordagem metagenômica e corroboradas para o sequenciamento de genes 16S rRNA. Verificou-se que o filo Fimicutes predomina com mais de 50%, quase na mesma proporção da classe Bacilli e com quase 41% de abundância relativa da ordem Bacillales. Os resultados do sequenciamento mostraram que uma das amostras apresentou alto percentual de similaridade (99,75%) pelo programa Nucleotide BLAST com um microrganismo peculiar: Bacillus subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram que B. subtilis pode ser uma fonte eficiente de proteases, lipases e celulases, provenientes de comunidades microbianas halofílicas localizadas em áreas pouco exploradas.

Evaluation of nutritional composition of flour residue of mangaba processing

Abstract Among several fruits, mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), it aroused the interest of producers and consumers due to its attractive sensory characteristics and health beneficial properties (high nutritional value and presence of bioactive substances), thus, this work evaluates the nutritional factors of the flour residue of mangaba processing that is despised by the food industry, and the influence of temperature on its production. The mangaba processing residue was splited in two main groups: in natura sample (control), and other for preparation of flour that was dried at 50 °C and divided into two other groups: treatment A (flour with roasts at 110 °C and 130 °C) and treatment B (flour from drying at 50 °C). The nutritional characteristics of flours were analyzed considering the chemical parameters: pH, titratable total acidity and soluble solids, in addition to the determination of moisture content, total lipids, total dietary fiber and ash, total energy value, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, quantification of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as technological functional properties (water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), milk absorption index (MAI) and milk solubility index (MSI) and oil absorption index (OAI). The results showed that the bioactive compounds present in the extracts do not have significant properties of acting as free radical kidnappers. The heat treatment, performed in the flour of mangaba processing residues, influenced the nutritional factors and properties of absorption and solubility, which showed statistical differences. These results show that the flour is a viable alternative for the energy enrichment of diets, contributing to the development of new products, the reduction of the disposal of these residues and consequently to the minimization of the environmental impact.

Resumo Dentre as diversas frutas a mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), despertou interesse de produtores e consumidores devido às suas características sensoriais atrativas e propriedades benéficas à saúde (elevado valor nutricional e presença de substâncias bioativas), assim, o trabalho avaliar os fatores nutricionais do resíduo da farinha de processamento de mangaba que é desprezado pela indústria alimentícia e, a influência da temperatura na sua produção. O resíduo de processamento da mangaba foi dividido em dois lotes, sendo um deles utilizado para as análises in natura (amostra controle) e o outro para a confecção da farinha que foi seca a 50 °C, e dividida em dois lotes: tratamento A (farinha com torras a 110 °C e 130 °C) e no tratamento B (farinha oriunda da secagem a 50 °C). Analisou-se as características nutricionais de farinhas considerando os parâmetros químicos: pH, acidez total titulável e sólidos solúveis, além da determinação do teor de umidade, lipídios totais, fibra alimentar total e cinzas, valor energético total, atividade antioxidante, triagem fitoquímica, quantificação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, bem como as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas (índice de absorção de água (IAA), índice de solubilidade em água (ISA), índice de absorção de leite (IAL) e índice de solubilidade em leite (ISL) e índice de absorção de óleo (IAO). Na análise foi inferido que os compostos bioativos presentes nos extratos não possuem propriedades significativas de agir como sequestradores de radicais livres. O tratamento térmico, realizado na farinha de resíduos de processamento de mangaba, influenciou nos dados dos fatores nutricionais e das propriedades de absorção e solubilidade, os quais apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Estes resultados credenciam a farinha como uma alternativa viável para o enriquecimento energético de dietas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, a redução do descarte desses resíduos e consequentemente para a minimização do impacto ambiental.

Identification by molecular techniques of halophilic bacteria producing important enzymes from pristine area in Campeche, Mexico / Identificação por técnicas moleculares de bactérias halofílicas que produzem enzimas importantes em área intocada de Campeche, México

Abstract Isla Arena is located in the coordinate 20° 70´ N - 90° 45´ W, from Campeche, Mexico. In these estuaries, the ocean mixes with fresh water, and ecosystems are concentrated where petenes and pink flamingos proliferate. Crustaceans and mollusks abound in the sea. Despite its enormous marine wealth, there are no studies carried out on which halophilic microorganisms are present in these waters. In this work, the diversity and structure of the microbial community was investigated through a metagenomics approach and corroborated for sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. It was found that the phylum Fimicutes predominates with more than 50%, in almost the same proportion of the class Bacilli and with almost 41% of relative abundance of the order Bacillales. The sequencing results showed that one of the samples presented a high percentage of similarity (99.75%) using the Nucleotide BLAST program with a peculiar microorganism: Bacillus subtilis. This microorganism is one of the best characterized bacteria among the gram-positive ones. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis can be an efficient source of proteases, lipases and cellulases, from halophilic microbial communities located in poorly explored areas.

Resumo Isla Arena está localizada na coordenada 20°70'N - 90°45'W, de Campeche, México. Nesses estuários, o oceano se mistura com a água doce e os ecossistemas se concentram onde proliferam petenos e flamingos rosa. Crustáceos e moluscos abundam no mar. Apesar de sua enorme riqueza marinha, não há estudos realizados sobre a presença de microrganismos halofílicos nessas águas. Neste trabalho, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana foram investigadas através de uma abordagem metagenômica e corroboradas para o sequenciamento de genes 16S rRNA. Verificou-se que o filo Fimicutes predomina com mais de 50%, quase na mesma proporção da classe Bacilli e com quase 41% de abundância relativa da ordem Bacillales. Os resultados do sequenciamento mostraram que uma das amostras apresentou alto percentual de similaridade (99,75%) pelo programa Nucleotide BLAST com um microrganismo peculiar: Bacillus subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram que B. subtilis pode ser uma fonte eficiente de proteases, lipases e celulases, provenientes de comunidades microbianas halofílicas localizadas em áreas pouco exploradas.

Evaluation of nutritional composition of flour residue of mangaba processing / Avaliação dos fatos nutricionais do processamento do resíduo da farinha de mangaba

Abstract Among several fruits, mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), it aroused the interest of producers and consumers due to its attractive sensory characteristics and health beneficial properties (high nutritional value and presence of bioactive substances), thus, this work evaluates the nutritional factors of the flour residue of mangaba processing that is despised by the food industry, and the influence of temperature on its production. The mangaba processing residue was splited in two main groups: in natura sample (control), and other for preparation of flour that was dried at 50 °C and divided into two other groups: treatment A (flour with roasts at 110 °C and 130 °C) and treatment B (flour from drying at 50 °C). The nutritional characteristics of flours were analyzed considering the chemical parameters: pH, titratable total acidity and soluble solids, in addition to the determination of moisture content, total lipids, total dietary fiber and ash, total energy value, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, quantification of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as technological functional properties (water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), milk absorption index (MAI) and milk solubility index (MSI) and oil absorption index (OAI). The results showed that the bioactive compounds present in the extracts do not have significant properties of acting as free radical kidnappers. The heat treatment, performed in the flour of mangaba processing residues, influenced the nutritional factors and properties of absorption and solubility, which showed statistical differences. These results show that the flour is a viable alternative for the energy enrichment of diets, contributing to the development of new products, the reduction of the disposal of these residues and consequently to the minimization of the environmental impact.

Resumo Dentre as diversas frutas a mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), despertou interesse de produtores e consumidores devido às suas características sensoriais atrativas e propriedades benéficas à saúde (elevado valor nutricional e presença de substâncias bioativas), assim, o trabalho avaliar os fatores nutricionais do resíduo da farinha de processamento de mangaba que é desprezado pela indústria alimentícia e, a influência da temperatura na sua produção. O resíduo de processamento da mangaba foi dividido em dois lotes, sendo um deles utilizado para as análises in natura (amostra controle) e o outro para a confecção da farinha que foi seca a 50 °C, e dividida em dois lotes: tratamento A (farinha com torras a 110 °C e 130 °C) e no tratamento B (farinha oriunda da secagem a 50 °C). Analisou-se as características nutricionais de farinhas considerando os parâmetros químicos: pH, acidez total titulável e sólidos solúveis, além da determinação do teor de umidade, lipídios totais, fibra alimentar total e cinzas, valor energético total, atividade antioxidante, triagem fitoquímica, quantificação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, bem como as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas (índice de absorção de água (IAA), índice de solubilidade em água (ISA), índice de absorção de leite (IAL) e índice de solubilidade em leite (ISL) e índice de absorção de óleo (IAO). Na análise foi inferido que os compostos bioativos presentes nos extratos não possuem propriedades significativas de agir como sequestradores de radicais livres. O tratamento térmico, realizado na farinha de resíduos de processamento de mangaba, influenciou nos dados dos fatores nutricionais e das propriedades de absorção e solubilidade, os quais apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Estes resultados credenciam a farinha como uma alternativa viável para o enriquecimento energético de dietas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, a redução do descarte desses resíduos e consequentemente para a minimização do impacto ambiental.

Identification by molecular techniques of halophilic bacteria producing important enzymes from pristine area in Campeche, Mexico / Identificação por técnicas moleculares de bactérias halofílicas que produzem enzimas importantes em área intocada de Campeche, México

Isla Arena is located in the coordinate 20° 70´ N - 90° 45´ W, from Campeche, Mexico. In these estuaries, the ocean mixes with fresh water, and ecosystems are concentrated where petenes and pink flamingos proliferate. Crustaceans and mollusks abound in the sea. Despite its enormous marine wealth, there are no studies carried out on which halophilic microorganisms are present in these waters. In this work, the diversity and structure of the microbial community was investigated through a metagenomics approach and corroborated for sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. It was found that the phylum Fimicutes predominates with more than 50%, in almost the same proportion of the class Bacilli and with almost 41% of relative abundance of the order Bacillales. The sequencing results showed that one of the samples presented a high percentage of similarity (99.75%) using the Nucleotide BLAST program with a peculiar microorganism: Bacillus subtilis. This microorganism is one of the best characterized bacteria among the gram-positive ones. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis can be an efficient source of proteases, lipases and cellulases, from halophilic microbial communities located in poorly explored areas.

Isla Arena está localizada na coordenada 20°70’N - 90°45’W, de Campeche, México. Nesses estuários, o oceano se mistura com a água doce e os ecossistemas se concentram onde proliferam petenos e flamingos rosa. Crustáceos e moluscos abundam no mar. Apesar de sua enorme riqueza marinha, não há estudos realizados sobre a presença de microrganismos halofílicos nessas águas. Neste trabalho, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana foram investigadas através de uma abordagem metagenômica e corroboradas para o sequenciamento de genes 16S rRNA. Verificou-se que o filo Fimicutes predomina com mais de 50%, quase na mesma proporção da classe Bacilli e com quase 41% de abundância relativa da ordem Bacillales. Os resultados do sequenciamento mostraram que uma das amostras apresentou alto percentual de similaridade (99,75%) pelo programa Nucleotide BLAST com um microrganismo peculiar: Bacillus subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram que B. subtilis pode ser uma fonte eficiente de proteases, lipases e celulases, provenientes de comunidades microbianas halofílicas localizadas em áreas pouco exploradas.

Human and Environmental Reservoirs of Intestinal Parasites in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon: An Update in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic

Aims: Intestinal parasitic infections are persistent in Africa, and we questioned here whether prevention measures imposed by the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 could alleviate this threat in lowlands of the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Study Design: We monitored the trend of intestinal parasites in human and environmental samples from the seven subdivisions of the city of Yaounde, before (November-December 2019) and during (July-August 2020, November-December 2020) the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Parasitological analysis were performed to check for the presence of helminths and protozoans in stools from inhabitants as well as in water, soil and fresh vegetables, using standard Kato Katz and Formol Ether methods.The minimum effective sample size considered for the estimation of parasite richness, parasite infection and contamination indexeswas 30 for human and 30 for environmental samples (i.e. soils, water and vegetables) per location. Results: Of the 19 parasite species identified in human and the environments, twelve were helminths and seven protozoans. The overall parasite species richness reached 16 in 2019 (12 helminths and 4 protozoans) and 19 in 2020 (12 helminths and 7 protozoans), with about 62.5-68.4% of species shared by human and environments. The parasite frequencies in human (21.03%) and water/soils (32.3%) in 2019 did not differ statistically with those of 2020 (14.6-20.3% and 10.8-35.4%, respectively). The contamination rate of vegetables (i.e. carrots, lettuce, basil, celery, etc.) has increased from 2019 (6.1-9.1%) to 2020 (9.1-24.2%), and was frequently due to roundworms, hookworms, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium cysts. The findings suggest persistent risk associated with intestinal parasite irrespective to measures imposed by COVID-19 in study locations. Conclusion: The current control approaches may therefore integrateecological epidemiology of the intestinal parasite infections as complementary strategy in African cities.

Comparative Study of Iron, Manganese and Nickel Contamination Potential of Disc and Hammer Milling Equipment and their Toxic Effect on Rat Kidney

Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) contents in maize (Zea mays) flour and the consequent impact on the kidney of albino rats. Study Design: The rats were randomly divided into groups of five rats per group. Six of the groups were fed with maize flour milled with a hammer mill, while the other six groups were fed with maize flour milled with a disc mill, and the thirteenth group was fed with crushed flour in a mortar and pestle as a control. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia on the 14th and 28th days. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Biochemistry and Histology laboratories of the University of Jos, Nigeria, between, January to June, 2021. Methodology: For six days, a portion of the maize grains was milled with a hammer mill, another with a disc mill, and a third fraction was crushed into flour with a wooden mortar. The inductive coupled plasma mass spectrophotometric method was used to determine the levels of Fe, Mn, and Ni in maize flour. To avoid lysing the blood, blood samples were carefully collected by allowing it to run down the test tube's wall. The blood was allowed to coagulate at room temperature before being centrifuged and the serum collected and frozen until it was time for biochemical analysis. The kidneys of the rats were excised, cleaned, and preserved in chloroform until histological examinations were required. Results: The results show that Fe (325.16 ± 30.00 mg/kg and 205.05 ± 30.20 mg/kg) and Ni (20.92 ± 5.92 mg/kg and 18.00 ± 2.70 mg/kg) levels were extremely high in both disc and hammer milling machines. The Fe and Mn values in disc milled maize flour were higher than those in hammer milled maize flour. Rats in all groups had significantly higher serum urea, creatinine, K+, Na+, and Cl- levels than the control group. The kidney tissues of all the rats in the control and hammer-milled flour groups were normal, except for group 1 of the disc mill, which showed mild damage, according to the histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The Day 1 group fed with disc-milled flour showed a dense cast, atrophy, and nuclei loss in their kidney tissue. According to the results of the study, hammer milled maize flour is less harmful than disc milled maize flour, as shown by kidney histopathology.

Exposure to air pollution and hospitalization due to COVID-19 in São José dos Campos, Brazil

The association between exposure to air pollutants and respiratory diseases is well known. This study aimed to identify the association between this exposure and hospitalizations for COVID-19 in São José dos Campos, SP, a medium-sized city, between April 2020 and April 2021. Hospitalization data, concerning code B34.2, was supplied by DATASUS, and data concerning pollutants and climate variables were supplied by CETESB. Cases were quantified by sex, age, length of hospital stay in days, and type of discharge, whether hospital discharge or death. The negative binomial regression model was chosen. Estimates were produced for the relative risk (RR) of significant exposure to pollutants (P≤0.05) with a 10 µg/m3 increase of pollutant, as well as for excess hospitalizations. There were 1873 hospitalizations, with a daily average of 4.7 (±3.8), ranging from zero to 21: 716 deaths (38.2%) were recorded, 1065 admissions were men, and women were less susceptible (OR=0.82). The average age of women was higher than that of men; in cases of death, men were older than women; discharged patients were younger. All the above variables were significant. The risk of ozone exposure was higher and more significant in Lag 2, and the risk of nitrogen dioxide exposure was high in Lag 3, which was the period of the highest increase in hospitalizations, at 11.3%. The findings of this study, the first conducted in Brazil, corroborate the results of studies conducted in other centers.

Riboflavin did not provide anti-inflammatory or antioxidant effects in an experimental model of sepsis

We aimed to evaluate whether the administration of riboflavin to septic animals reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, and mortality. C57BL/6 mice, 6-8 weeks old, were allocated to the study group (polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) + antibiotic + iv riboflavin), control (CLP + antibiotic + iv saline), or naïve (non-operated controls). Serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), urea, and creatinine, and markers of inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2)], and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured 12 h after the experiment. Animal survival rates were calculated after 7 days. Means between groups were compared using linear regression models adjusted under the Bayesian approach. No significant difference was observed between control and study groups in serum concentrations of IL-6 (95% credible interval) (-0.35 to 0.44), TNF-α (-15.7 to 99.1), KC (-0.13 to 0.05), MIP-2 (-0.84 to 0.06), MDA (-1.25 to 2.53), or ALT (-6.6 to 11.5). Serum concentrations of CK-MB (-145.1 to -30.1), urea (-114.7 to -15.1), and creatinine (-1.14 to -0.01) were higher in the study group. Survival was similar in both groups (P=0.8). Therefore, the use of riboflavin in mice undergoing sepsis induced by CLP did not reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, organ dysfunction, or mortality compared with placebo.

COVID-19 and outpatient care: a nationwide household survey / COVID-19 e assistência ambulatorial: uma pesquisa domiciliar de abrangência nacional / COVID-19 y atención ambulatoria: una encuesta domiciliaria a escala nacional

We aimed to assess the proportion of the population in 133 Brazilian municipalities who - from March to August 2020 - had a health problem but failed to seek care or failed to attend to a health service for routine appointment or examination. We conducted a household survey from August 24-27 in 133 Brazilian cities by asking the subjects if, since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, they had suffered from a health problem but did not seek care or failed to attend to a routine or screening examination. Poisson regression was used for the analyses. We interviewed 33,250 subjects and 11.8% (95%CI: 11.4-12.1) reported that, since March 2020, they failed to seek care despite being ill, 17.3% (95%CI: 16.9-17.7) failed to attend to a routine or screening examination and 23.9% (95%CI: 23.4-24.4) reported one or both outcomes. Health service closure and fear of the COVID-19 infection were the main reasons for not seeking care. Women and the poorest were more likely to not look for a health service, despite having a health problem or a scheduled routine appointment. On the other hand, those subjects who self-identified as white were less likely to not look for a health service. The COVID-19 pandemic is more critical for the indigenous people and the poorest, and these people are also more likely to not seek care for other health conditions during the pandemic.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a proporção da população de 133 cidades brasileiras que apresentou algum problema de saúde entre março e agosto de 2020, mas que deixou de procurar atendimento, ou que deixou de buscar um serviço de saúde para consultas ou exames de rotina. Foram realizadas entrevistas domiciliares entre 24 e 27 de agosto de 2020 em 133 áreas urbanas brasileiras. Perguntava-se aos indivíduos se, desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19 em março de 2020, haviam sofrido algum problema de saúde mais não haviam procurado atendimento, ou se haviam deixado de realizar consultas ou exames de rotina. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para as análises. Foram entrevistados 33.250 indivíduos, entre os quais 11,8% (IC95%: 11,4-12,1) relataram que desde março de 2020 haviam deixado de procurar atendimento apesar de estarem doentes, 17,3% (IC95%: 16,9-17,7) haviam deixado de comparecer a consultas de rotina ou triagem e 23,9% (IC95%: 23,4-24,4) relataram um ou ambos os desfechos. O fechamento dos serviços de saúde e o medo da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 foram os principais motivos para não buscar atendimento. As mulheres e os indivíduos com menor nível socioeconômico mostraram maior probabilidade de não procurarem serviços de saúde em caso de doença, ou de faltar a consultas de rotina previamente agendadas. Por outro lado, indivíduos que se identificavam como brancos eram menos propensos a deixar de procurar os serviços de saúde. A pandemia da COVID-19 está afetando mais duramente os indígenas e as pessoas com menor nível socioeconômico, que também são mais propensos a deixar de procurar atendimento para outras condições de saúde durante a pandemia.

Se realizó un estudio con el fin de evaluar la proporción de población en 133 ciudades brasileñas que -de marzo a agosto 2020- tuvieron un problema de salud, pero no consiguieron buscar cuidados, o presentarse en un servicio de salud para consultas de rutina o exámenes. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta domiciliaria entre el 24 y 27 de agosto en 133 áreas urbanas brasileñas. A los encuestados se les preguntó si, desde el principio de la pandemia de COVID-19 en marzo de 2020, habían sufrido algún problema de salud, pero no habían buscado asistencia, o no consiguieron presentarse a exámenes de rutina o de exploración. Se utilizó una regresión de Poisson para los análisis. Se entrevistó a 33.250 individuos, y un 11,8% (IC95%: 11,4-12,1) informaron que desde marzo de 2020 no consiguieron buscar asistencia, a pesar de estar enfermos, un 17,3% (IC95%: 16,9-17,7) no consiguieron presentarse a exámenes de rutina o visitas de exploración, y un 23,9% (IC95%: 23,4-24,4) informaron de uno o ambos resultados. El cierre de los servicios de salud y el miedo a contraer COVID-19 fueron las razones principales para no buscar cuidados. Las mujeres y aquellos que tenían un estatus socioeconómico bajo eran más propensos a no buscar asistencia sanitaria, tanto si tenían un problema médico, como para un chequeo rutinario o se saltaban una cita médica programada. Por otro lado, estas personas que se autoidentificaron como blancas eran menos propensas a no buscar asistencia sanitaria. La pandemia de COVID-19 está golpeando duramente a los indígenas y a quienes tienen un estatus socioeconómico bajo, y estas personas también son más propensas a no conseguir buscar asistencia sanitaria relacionada con otros problemas de salud durante la pandemia.

Short isocapnic hyperoxia affects indices of vascular remodeling and intercellular adhesion molecules in healthy men

In preparation for tracheal intubation during induction of anesthesia, the patient may be ventilated with 100% oxygen. To investigate the impact of acute isocapnic hyperoxia on endothelial activation and vascular remodeling, ten healthy young men (24±3 years) were exposed to 5-min normoxia (21% O2) and 10-min hyperoxia trials (100% O2). During hyperoxia, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) (hyperoxia: 4.16±0.85 vs normoxia: 3.51±0.84 ng/mL, P=0.04) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) (hyperoxia: 8.40±3.84 vs normoxia: 5.73±2.15 pg/mL, P=0.04) increased, whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) activity (hyperoxia: 0.53±0.11 vs normoxia: 0.68±0.18 A.U., P=0.03) decreased compared to the normoxia trial. We concluded that even short exposure to 100% oxygen may affect endothelial activation and vascular remodeling.

Uso de máscara durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: resultados do estudo EPICOVID19-BR / Mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: results of the EPICOVID19-BR study / Uso de mascarillas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil: resultados del estudio EPICOVID19-BR

A pandemia de COVID-19 já causou mais de 399 milhões de infecções e custou a vida de mais de cinco milhões de pessoas no mundo, até 3 de março de 2022. Para reduzir a taxa de infecção, uma série de medidas de prevenção indicadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram adotadas pelos países, entre elas, o uso de máscara. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a utilização de máscara na população brasileira, através da análise de dados do EPICOVID19-BR, um estudo de base populacional realizado em 133 cidades do país, em quatro fases entre março e agosto de 2020. A proporção de indivíduos que preferiram usar máscara quando saíam de casa foi de 97,9% (IC95%: 97,8-98,0). O entrevistador não visualizou a máscara do entrevistado em 50% (IC95%: 49,9-51,1) dos casos no momento da entrevista, no entanto, entre a fase uma e quatro da pesquisa, observou-se uma diminuição de 4,4 pontos percentuais na proporção de entrevistados que não usaram máscara no momento da entrevista. A não visualização da máscara foi mais observada em mulheres, participantes com idade entre 10-19 e 20-29 anos, de cor de pele indígena, preta, e parda, entre as pessoas com Ensinos Fundamental e Médio e na Região Centro-oeste. O uso de máscara de tecido foi predominante 91,4% (IC95%: 91,2-91,5) com um aumento de 4,9 pontos percentuais entre as fases 1 e 4. Os resultados do estudo trazem informações importantes para reforçar as políticas de controle de COVID-19 no Brasil. O alto percentual de pessoas sem máscara na hora da entrevista sugere que ainda é importante reforçar o aspecto preventivo e de autocuidado, não fazendo do uso da máscara algo apenas ligado à obrigatoriedade.

By March 3, 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 399 million infections and claimed the lives of more than five million people worldwide. To reduce infection rates, a series of prevention measures indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) were adopted by countries, including the use of masks. This study aims to describe mask use in Brazil via data analysis from the EPICOVID19-BR, a population-based study conducted in 133 cities in the country in four phases between March and August 2020. The proportion of individuals who reported wearing a mask when they left their homes was 97.9% (95%CI: 97.8-98.0). The interviewer did not see interviewees' mask in 50% (95%CI: 49.9-51.1) of the cases at the time of the interview. However, between phase one and four of the survey, we observed a 4.4% decrease in the proportion of interviewees who failed to wear masks at the time of the interview. Mask non-visualization was more prominent in women, participants aged 10-19 and 20-29 years of indigenous, black, and brown skin color, and those with elementary and high school education and in the Central-West Region. The use of cloth masks showed a 91.4% predominance (95%CI: 91.2-1.5) with a 4.9% increase between phases 1 and 4. The results of the study bring important information to reinforce COVID-19 control policies in Brazil. The high percentage of people who failed to wear masks at the time of the interview suggests that it is still important to reinforce prevention and self-care, rather than relating mask wear to a mandatory measure.

La pandemia del COVID-19 ha provocado más de 399 millones de infecciones y se ha cobrado la vida de más de cinco millones de personas en todo el mundo hasta el 3 de Marzo de 2022. Para reducir la tasa de contagios, los países adoptaron una serie de medidas de prevención indicadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), entre ellas el uso de mascarillas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el uso de mascarillas en la población brasileña, utilizando el análisis de datos de EPICOVID19-BR, un estudio de base poblacional realizado en 133 ciudades del país, en cuatro fases entre marzo y agosto de 2020. La proporción de personas que informaron usar mascarillas al salir de casa fue del 97,9% (IC95%: 97,8-98,0). El entrevistador no vio la mascarilla del entrevistado en el 50% (IC95%: 49,9-51,1) de los casos al momento de la entrevista, sin embargo entre las fases uno y cuatro de la investigación se observó una disminución de 4,4 puntos porcentuales en la proporción de los encuestados que no llevaban mascarilla durante la entrevista. Se observó una mayor visualización de falta de uso de mascarillas en las mujeres, en participantes con edades entre 10-19 y 20-29 años, de color de piel indígena, negra y parda, entre personas con educación primaria y secundaria y en la Región Centro-oeste. Hubo un mayor predominio de uso de mascarillas de tela en el 91,4% (IC95%: 91,2-91,5) con un aumento de 4,9 puntos porcentuales entre las fases 1 y 4. Los resultados muestran la importancia de fortalecer las políticas de prevención del COVID-19 en Brasil. El alto porcentaje de personas sin mascarilla al momento de la entrevista sugiere que es importante reforzar la prevención y el autocuidado en general no solo relacionado a la obligatoriedad en el uso de mascarillas.

Uso de antibacterianos em gestantes antes e após regulamentação no Brasil: coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, de 2004 e 2015 / Use of anti-bacterial agents in pregnant women before and after regulation in Brazil: Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts of 2004 and 2015 / Uso de antibacterianos en gestantes antes y después de la regulación en Brasil: cohortes de nacimientos de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, del 2004 y del 2015

A utilização indiscriminada de antibacterianos no período gestacional pode aumentar a resistência antimicrobiana e colocar em risco a saúde da gestante e da criança. Atualmente, está em vigência no Brasil a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 20/2011, que controla a prescrição e fornecimento de antibacterianos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o uso de antibacterianos pelas gestantes participantes das coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2004 e 2015, considerando a regulamentação implementada entre as duas coortes. Foram utilizados dados coletados no período perinatal dos dois estudos. O desfecho principal foi o uso de antibacterianos na gestação. As prevalências de uso foram descritas a partir de variáveis independentes e diferenças em pontos percentuais (p.p.) entre as duas coortes. A prevalência do uso de antibacterianos foi de 41,9% (IC95%: 40,4; 43,3) em 2004 e 39,2% (IC95%: 37,7; 40,6) em 2015. Considerando-se as gestantes que relataram ter infecção durante a gestação, observou-se maior redução de uso em 2015, quando comparado a 2004, nas gestantes mais pobres (-15,4p.p., IC95%: 9,59; 21,20) e naquelas que foram a menos consultas (-17,1p.p., IC95%: 2,81; 31,36). Houve redução na proporção de antibacterianos usados, considerando o total de medicamentos de 20,6% (IC95%: 19,9; 21,4) em 2004 para 12,6% (IC95%: 12,1; 13,1) em 2015. As reduções encontradas, tanto nas prevalências de uso quanto na proporção dos antibacterianos sobre o total de medicamentos utilizados, podem ser reflexo da política de regulamentação implementada em 2011.

Indiscriminate use of anti-bacterial agents during pregnancy can increase antimicrobial resistance and endanger both the mother's and the children's health. Currently, Brazil has the Collegiate Directive Resolution n. 20/2011, which controls prescription and dispensation of anti-bacterial agents. Given this scenario, this study compared the use of anti-bacterial agents by pregnant women participating in the 2004 and 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, considering the regulation issued between the two cohorts. Data were collected in the perinatal period of the two studies. The main outcome was the use of anti-bacterial agents during pregnancy. Prevalence scans were described based on independent variables and differences in percentage points (p.p.) between the two cohorts. The prevalence of anti-bacterial use was 41.9% (95%CI: 40.4; 43.3) in 2004 and 39.2% (95%CI: 37.7; 40.6) in 2015. Considering the pregnant women who reported having infection during pregnancy, a greater reduction in use was observed in 2015, when compared to 2004, in poor women (-15.4p.p., 95%CI: 9.59; 21.20) and in those who had less consultations (-17.1p.p., 95%CI: 2.81; 31.36). Considering total medications, the proportion of anti-bacterial used dropped from 20.6% (95%CI: 19.9; 21.4) in 2004 to 12.6% (95%CI: 12.1; 13.1) in 2015. The reductions found in both the prevalence of use and the proportion of anti-bacterial agents over total medications used may be a reflection of the regulatory policy implemented in 2011.

El uso indiscriminado de antibacterianos durante el embarazo puede aumentar la resistencia a los antimicrobianos y poner en riesgo la salud de la gestante y del niño. Actualmente, está vigente en Brasil la Resolución de la Dirección Colegiada nº 20/2011, que controla la prescripción y dispensación de antibacterianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el uso de antibacterianos por gestantes participantes de las cohortes de nacimientos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, del 2004 y del 2015, considerando la regulación implementada entre las dos cohortes. Se utilizaron los datos recopilados en el período perinatal de los dos estudios. El resultado principal fue el uso de antibacterianos durante el embarazo. Las prevalencias de uso se describieron con base en las variables independientes y diferencias en puntos porcentuales (p.p.) entre las dos cohortes. La prevalencia de uso de antibacterianos fue del 41,9% (IC95%: 40,4; 43,3) en el 2004 y del 39,2% (IC95%: 37,7; 40,6) en el 2015. Teniendo en cuenta que las gestantes que reportaron haber tenido infección durante el embarazo, hubo una mayor reducción de uso en el 2015, en comparación con el 2004, en las gestantes más pobres (-15,4p.p., IC95%: 9,59; 21,20) y en las que consultaron menos (-17,1p.p., IC95% 2,81;31,36). Hubo una reducción en la proporción de antibacterianos usados, considerando la cantidad total de medicamentos del 20,6% (IC95%: 19,9; 21,4) en el 2004 al 12,6% (IC95%: 12,1; 13,1) en el 2015. Las reducciones encontradas, tanto en las prevalencias de uso como en la proporción de antibacterianos sobre la cantidad total de medicamentos utilizados, pueden ser reflejo de la política regulatoria implementada en el 2011.