Clinical and paraclinical evaluation of partial nephrectomy using laparoscopy and open surgery in dogs: new suturing technique

Partial nephrectomy, using open surgery or laparoscopy, is a standard surgical approach to treat renal disorders. The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using figure eight ligation technique. Mixed-breed dogs were randomly dedicated for partial nephrectomy using laparoscopy [n=6] and open surgery [n=6]. During 30 days after operation, clinical, hematological and ultrasonographic findings, intra- and post-operative complications, operation and ischemia times, urine analysis and incision length were recorded. Operations were performed successfully and dogs recovered without serious complications. All clinical and hematological findings were within normal range. Comparing two experimental groups, operation time and length of incisional scar were longer in open surgery and ischemia time was longer in laparoscopy [P<0.05]. In conclusion, using figure eight ligation, laparoscopy seems to be safer, more feasible, less time consuming in association with less bleeding for partial nephrectomy compared with conventional open surgery in dog

Faecal fat and body weight changes following Roux-en-Y and jejunal loop interposition reconstructive technique in total gastrectomized dogs

Total gastrectomy is one of the most common operative procedures for gastric malignancy, but the recommended method of gastrointestinal reconstruction after gastrectomy is still controversial. Significant weight loss has been noted by many observers following gastrectomy. The Roux-en-Y method is the most frequent reconstructive technique performed after gastrectomy. This technique is easy to perform and prevents reflux esophagitis, but the major disadvantage of the technique is bypassing of the duodenum from the transit of food. This study was performed to compare two reconstructive techniques [the standard Roux-en-Y and jejunal loop interposition] after gastrectomy, considering post operative body weight loss in 10 healthy dogs. In group A, Roux-en-Y, following gastrectomy end to side anastomosis was performed between the distal jejunal end and remained part of the stomach. In group B, jejunal loop interposition, a 20 cm section of jejunal loop was resected and interposition of the loop was performed between the remaining part of the stomach and the duodenum. The patients were weighed before and after surgery until 30 days postoperatively and their weights were recorded daily. Also, faecal fat was measured on day 28 postoperatively. No fat was detected in faecal samples in group B, however different amounts of fat were measured in group A. Mean of preoperative weight was 28 +/- 3 kg. Data indicates a significant difference in mean of body weights in both groups pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. Mean percentage of body weights was significantly lower 67.18% +/- 4.4 in group A compared to group B [73.05% +/- 3.9] [P=0.04], which can indicate the importance of duodenal passage in reduction of post operative body weight loss

Minimally invasive total splenectomy in dogs: a clinical report

Cases of minimally-invasive surgery are gaining acceptance among surgeons and animal owners. One type of minimally-invasive surgery is total splenectomy, which is indicated for splenic tumors, trauma, torsions, and for dogs that require blood transfusion. To assess the safety of the technique, experimental laparoscopic splenectomies were performed in dogs for the first time in Iran. Three adult male mixed-breed dogs were placed in dorsal recumbency at a 45° angle in the right lateral position, under aseptic condition and general anesthesia. Three trocars were placed; at the umbilicus, 3 cm cranial to the umbilicus and in the right caudolateral abdomen. The spleen was rotated 90° laterally and thermal coagulation of the blood vessels was performed by bipolar electrocautery. The pedicles were checked to ensure hemostasis. The spleen was morcellated and removed from the umbilical port using a retrieval bag. The mean surgery time was 42 minutes, and all dogs survived the surgery without complications. Laparoscopic splenectomy via three portals was found to be easy and safe

[Comparative evaluation of resistance among extracorporeal roeder, meltzer and hemolock knots in intestine of sheep]

Despite advances in different techniques of suturing and their alternatives, controversies exist in their indications in laparoscopic surgeries. Due to difficulties exist with laparoscopic suturing knots the hemolock technique was introduced in this study. The objective of this study was to compare resistance among extracorporeal Meltzer and Roeder knot and hemolock in laparoscopic surgery. In this quasiexperimental study 205 intestines of sheep [20 cm length] sutured with Meltzer's [43 cases, 20%], Roeder's [44 cases, 20.5%] and hemolock [128 cases, 59.5%] methods. Resistance of these methods were evaluated with sphygmomanometer. Furthermore, side effects of sutures were evaluated. Mean pressure tolerance of Roeder's knot method [196.0 +/- 50.9 mmHg] Meltzer knot [193.8 +/- 49.22 mmHg] and hemolock clips [247.03 +/- 42.47 mmHg] were determined. Mean pressure tolerance was significantly higher in hemolock [p<0.001] compared to the other ones. Frequency of suture displacement was 52% [22 cases] in Roeder, 68% in Meltzer [23 cases], and 47% [37 cases] in hemolock. With respect of the results of this study and easy use of hemolock and due to its high pressure resistance, hemolock can be considered as a safe and good substitute for extracorporeal knots in laparoscopic surgeries

[Laparoscopic abdominal surgeries: a review]

Laparoscopic technique in recent years has tremendously being used as a non invasive surgery to perform different operation in abdominal and thoracic cavities. This technique has been used from 1987 in different aspect of human surgery. In addition to diagnosis, biopsy, visualizing adhesion and neoplastic structure, recently cholecystectomy and ovariohysterectomy were also commonly being used as a therapeutic measure. Different investigations using laparoscope, indicate superiority of this technique as compare to that of conventional open surgery method in areas of pain, time, hospitalization, anatomical dissection, immunity reaction, cosmetic appearance, adhesion and wound involved. Veterinary laparoscopic technique use now a days is also being extensively increasing in different organs Gasterointestinal laparoscopic surgery is routinely being performed to remove foreign body, neoplasia, obstruction, duodenal and pyloric wound. Looking to future light for improving usage of laparoscopic technique in research and clinical aspect plus improving the concept of reducing pain and surgical complications, It is extremely necessary to take proper decision/action to improve research outcome in near future for application of laparoscopic tools in abdominal surgery. Laparoscopic surgeries in gastrointestinal tract have several advantages. Reduction in the period of postoperative intestinal paralysis so that gastrointestinal function returns more rapidly to normal status following minimally invasive surgery. It also involves a reduced immune response compared with open surgery. Reduced tissue desiccation and foreign body contamination and also fewer intra-abdominal adhesion. It has gained wide clinical acceptance in surgical practice in comparison to open surgery

Comparative evaluation of laparoscopic and open elective ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Laparoscopic and open ovariohysterectomy were compared for the following parameters: surgical time, incision length, suture number, saturation of oxyhemoglobin [SpO2], heart rate, complications, CBC findings, Melbourne pain scale [MPS] and gross pathology. MPS pain scores were evaluated using Mann-whitney U Test. Other parameters were evaluated using Student's t test. There were no significant differences in SPo2, heart rate, surgical complications, MPS pain scores and CBC, where as the blood loss was significantly [P < 0.05] lower and the total incision length and suture number was less in laparoscopic group. There were less surgical time and more extensive adhesion formation in the open technique. The laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy is a potentially safe surgical technique in dogs and leads to less adhesion formation that may result in pain of adhesion sites and movement limitation

[Study of motor skills in 5-years-old children [Semnan, 2006]]

The current study was performed to assay motor skills [rapid naming, word and phrase repetition] in 5 years old children that these skills are in close relationship with speech and reading development. The aim of this study was to identify the mean and 95% confidence interval of these developmental aspects in normal 5 years old children in order to finding the normal range of these skills, which are the basis of reading and speaking. Performing a screening test in order to diagnosis, training and treatment of abnormal motor skills in 5-year-old children was another aim of the present study. This study was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. All nursery schools affiliated to education and welfare office in Semnan were included in this study. In each nursery school, children with auditory, visual and speech disorders were excluded and 20% of those whose mother tongue was farsi or semnani were selected randomly [a total number of 2256 persons]. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test and Chi-square test. The means were as follows: rapid picture naming 72 words in 100 seconds, word repetition 4.97, unfamiliar phrase repetition 4.31. There was no significant difference between girls and boys with regard to the above skills. The mean of word repetition in Semnanian 5-year-old children was greater than mean of unfamiliar phrase repetition. Semnanian 5-year-old children's mean of rapid picture naming and word repetition was lower than that of 5-year-old children in Tehran, but in unfamiliar phrase repetition Semnanian 5- year-old children's scores were greater

immediate enzymatic cocktail effect on the absorptive function of neobladder made by ileocystoplasty

The effectiveness of an enzymatic cocktail, collagenase and trypsin, on the absorptive function of ileal segment was studied to evaluate the changes within groups after performing ileocystoplasty in an animal model. Twenty-one female mixed-bred Persian dogs were randomized into 7 groups. The groups included: 1] negative control group [NCG] in which no ileocystoplasty was performed [n = 3]; 2] positive control group [PCG] in which routine ileocystoplasty was performed [n = 3] and groups 3 to 7] those underwent ileocystoplasty with the ileal segment being treated with collagenase and trypsin for 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 min [groups, 5 minutes enzymatic treatment group [5METG], 10METG, 15METG, 20METG and 25METG; each containing three dogs]. To perform the glucose absorption test, 50% dextrose was instilled into the bladder five weeks after surgery. The blood glucose level [BGL] was measured in each group before the study [T1], two weeks after the surgery in PCG and other treatment groups [T2], before anaesthesia [T3], after anaesthesia at 5-minute intervals up to 25 min [T4 to T9, respectively]. There was no significant difference in BGL in T1 to T3 and T4 to T9 in 25METG and NCG, however, BGL was found significantly higher in T1 to T3 and T4 to T9 in PCG, 5METG, 10METG, 15METG and 20METG. It can be concluded that collagenase and trypsin can affect absorptive function of the neobladder and are able to reduce the absorptive function, particularly in early days after the surgery. Moreover, these results also confirm that 50% dextrose instilled into the neobladder and native urinary bladder will not increase BGL in 25METG and NCG even with increasing the time of exposure of neo- or native urinary bladder to enzymatic cocktail till 25 min

Ileocystoplasty in dogs: Imaging, hematologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies

The radiographic, ultrasonographic, hamatologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies were done the following routine ileocystoplasty in dogs. Experimental study. Twelve female mixed-breed Persian dogs. Persian mixed breed female dogs between 1-2 year-old and 15-24 kg body-weight were divided into control and experiment groups. Routine ileocystoplasty was performed on experimental dogs. Twenty centimeters of ileal segments were detubulized to U-form and were grafted to bladder after performing the partial supratrigonal cystectomy. Radiography, ultrasonography, hematologic and biochemical evaluations were prepared on days 0,14 and 35 from all animals. Experimental group animals also were euthanized on day 35. Neobladders were resected and histopathologic sections were taken. No radiographic changes were detected in plain and contrast radiography indicative of any leakage from anastomotic and suture lines. Vesicoureteral reflux,... was not present. Ultrasonography revealed neobladder walls thickened at the anastomotic site. No significant changes were found in hematologic parameters, glucose, cholestrol, triglyceride, creatinine, total protein, albumine, glutamine, serum electrolytes [calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate] albumin, pH, venous blood gases [Po2 and Pco2] and anion gap. BUN was found significantly higher in experiment group in comparison to control group.There were not marked morphologic changes in ileal mucosa, uroepithelial migrated from remaining portion of the bladder to cover the ileal segments. Inflammatory cells infiltrations were not significant in neobladders. Based on the study, ileal segment is useful source for graft the bladder in dog

[Clinical evaluation of ileocystoplasty in dogs]

To evaluate the clinical features of ileocystoplasty [bladder augmentation] in dogs.Experimental study. Seven female 1-2 year-old mixed breed dogs between 15- 24 kg body-weight. Routine ileocystoplasty [similar to human ileocystoplasty] was performed on dogs. The clinical parameters [temperature, heart rate per minute, respiratory rate per minute, urine appearance, urinary continence, urethral obstruction following mucosal secretion and bowel obstruction] were evaluated for five weeks. A repeated measures [within-subjects] analysis of variance was done to compare the means of quantitative variables at different times and descriptive study for qualitative variables. Dogs tolerated the operation well and survived for 5 weeks without any postoperative complications. There no significant difference in heart rate per minute and respiratory rate per minute in the study period. A significant increase in temperature was observed at day 28 due to other laboratory examinations, but it was in normal range [P<0.05]. No abnormal findings were found in appetite, defecation and its quality, hydration status, mucosal color, capillary refill time, urine appearance, urine continence, urethral obstruction following mucosal secretion and bowel obstruction during study.With regards to the clinical observations in this study ileocystoplasty could be favorably performed in bladder disorders e.g. cancer, trauma, infection, inflammation, iatrogenic injuries or conditions which may lead to severe dysfunction in dogs

[Experimental vesicouereteral reflux induction in dogs]

Objective: To induce experimental vesicoureteral reflux in dogs

Design: Experimental study

Animals: A total of 16 mixed- breed Persian dogs with diffrent sex

Procedure: All sixteen dogs evaluated for absence of congenital or acquired vesicoureteral reflux before study by cystography. Vesicoureteral reflux induction was attempted in healthy animals by ureteral unroofing [3-5 mm] without suture, unroofing [3-5 mm] with catheter as a cutting guide and suturing by silk, unroofing [3-5 mm] with catheter and suturing by nylon and unroofing [5-7 mm] with catheter and suturing by nylon. After ten days the reflux assessment was confirmed by cystography

Statistical analysis: Descriptive study

Results: Vesico ureteral induced refluxes in all four groups were variable [incision length, catheter as guide, Number and kind of suture material]but refluxes induced with 5-7 mm incision length and nylon suturing was excellent as compared with other three groups

Clinical implications: Cutting method with catheter and nylon suture material used for vesicoureteral reflux induction in dogs, were preferred with special attention to be made to the length of cutting and the number of suture needed

[Evaluation of the effect of acupuncture therapy in treatment of muscle injuries in dog]

Objective: to evaluate acupuncture therapeutic regimens on histomorphological changes of muscle injury healing in dog

Design: prospective randomized experimental study

Animals: a total of 10 young adult clinically normal male cross breed dogs weighing 26+/-4.4 kg and 30+/-4.2 months old

Methods: all dogs were anaesthetized with 5% thiopental sodium and maintained with 1% halothane. A piece of 3 cm in length, 1 cm in width and 1 cm in depth of right biceps femoris was removed in all of them. Then they were divided into two groups of 5 animals each. Acupuncture treatment was given daily for 10 minutes for two weeks in experimental group by locating acupoints [GB30, BL40, ST36], whereas no treatment was given in control group till end of 60 days of observations period. Biopsy sample was collected from each case for histomorphological study which were stained with H and E stain

Result: there was the least inflammatory cells, with regular and parallel arrangement of collagenous fiber in experimental group as compared to control one in which sample of inflammatory cells, with irregular unparallel arrangement of collagenous fiber was quite obvious

Conclusion: acupuncture therapeutic regimens for two weeks period had positive and stirnulatory effect on muscle tissues formation comparatively with the least inflammatory cells with regular and parallel collagen fiber arrangement in experimental group

Clinical relevant: acupuncture as a physical method of therapy is quite effective on muscle healing and faster remodelling of muscle fibers

[Determination of the proper time to de-epithelialization of ileal segment by using the enzyme composition [cocktail] in dog]

Objective: to determine of a proper time to de-epithelialization of ileal segment by using collagenase and trypsin cocktail for ileocystoplasty

Design: descriptive experimental study

Animals: fifteen adult female mixed Persian dogs

Procedure: ileocystoplasty was performed on 15 female Persian mixed breed dogs ranging from 2 to 3 years old and 15 to 24 kg body weight. Twenty centimeters of ileal segment with its adequate mesentery was selected. Five millimeters of ileal segment was taken for normal histological study of the intestine. Enzymatic treatment of ileal segment using 0.125% collagenase and trypsin cocktail in 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes was performed on dogs. After each enzymatic exposure, tissue samples [5 mm] were taken for histopathologic evaluation

Results: microscopical study of 180 histologic sections showed that 5 minutes treatment [MT], focally denuded 20% of villi epithelium; while 10 MT has caused 33% of villi epithelium focally. In 15 MT approximately 60% of villi were de-epithelialized while 20 MT caused 75% villi de-nudation with more cryptlysis. Complete de-nudation of villi epithelium occurred with 25 MT

Clinical implications: the results of this preliminary study state reveal that approximately 25 minutes enzymatic treatment of ileal segment can completely de-epithelialize villi, and is recommended for ileocystoplasty

Clinical evaluation of bone cement and autogenous bone graft in dogs

Various biological bone grafts have been used for osteogenesis, osteoconduction and even osteoinduction, but due to systemic influences and local factors, the outcome of successful incorporation of a bone graft has not been satisfactory. This study was therefore conducted on 15 clinically healthy adult dogs between 1 to 3 years of age weighing 20 to 30 kg to evaluate the effect of bone cement and autogenous bone grafts. A piece of 3 cm complete mid-shaft right tibial cortical bone was removed in all animals. Then they were subsequently divided into three groups of 5 animals each. In group I the bone was fixed with a suitable intramedullary pin, whereas the gap was filled with harvested autogenous rib bone graft in group II animals. Bone cement was used to fill the gap in animals of group III for the first 30 days, then it was replaced with iliac bone chips and observation was made accordingly for 60 days in all animals of the three groups. After 60 days, before collection of callus samples, there was granulation and fibrocartilage tissue in groups I and II respectively, whereas a thick fibrous capsule or pseudomembrane layer was seen around bone cement on day 30 before removal of cement and on day 60 after replacement by iliac bone graft in group III animals. There were combinations of heavily impacted fibrous and fibrocartilagineous tissues with thick bundles of collagen fibers among hypertrophic chondroblasts in histomorphological cross section in group I animals, whereas active sequestra were present in group II animals. Fibrotic capsule, periosteal layer, lacunae, osteoblasts, osteocytes and well formed bone marrow with RBC and adipose tissue were noted in group III animals. It appears that the local reaction induced by bone cement leading to fibrotic capsule formation was quite helpful in delaying iliac bone graft resorption and enhancing osteogenic stimulation as to fill the gap with impacted callus with normal cortical structure. The application of bone cement in gap nonunion, crushed bone and fragmental fractures is therefore highly recommended