Retinal imaging in uveitis

Ancillary investigations are the backbone of uveitis workup for posterior segment inflammations. They help in establishing the differential diagnosis and making certain diagnosis by ruling out certain pathologies and are a useful aid in monitoring response to therapy during follow-up. These investigations include fundus photography including ultra wide field angiography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography and multimodal imaging. This review aims to be an overview describing the role of these retinal investigations for posterior uveitis

systematic approach to emergencies in uveitis

Uveitis is a common cause of preventable blindness although it is consider a sight-threatening condition particularly in cases with posterior segment inflammation. To deal with emergency conditions in uveitis, we must aware of the essential signs and symptoms that reflect a true uveitic emergency. Failure to recognize these essential signs and symptoms of a true uveitic emergency may result in a devastating visual outcome. This review provides general ophthalmologists and residents, clinical guidelines for the main uveitic entities that require immediate recognition and urgent intervention in the emergency room to prevent severe permanent visual loss

Surgical management of diabetic retinopathy

Surgery for late complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy remains the cornerstone of management even in patients who have received optimal laser photocoagulation and medical therapy. With improvisation in the surgical techniques and development of micro-incision surgical techniques for vitrectomy, the indications for surgical intervention are expanding to include diabetic macular edema with a greater number of patients undergoing early intervention. This review describes the current indications, surgical techniques, adjunctive anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications of pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema

Update on sympathetic ophthalmia

Sympathetic ophthalmia [SO] is a bilateral diffuse granulomatous intraocular inflammation that occurs in most cases within days or months after surgery or penetrating trauma to one eye. The incidence of SO ranges from 0.2 to 0.5% after penetrating ocular injuries and 0.01% after intraocular surgery. Vitreoretinal surgery and cyclodestructive procedures are considered risk factors. The time from ocular injury to onset of SO varies greatly, ranging from a few days to decades, with 80% of the cases occurring within 3 months after injury to the exciting eye and 90% within 1 year. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings rather than on serological testing or pathological studies. It presents as a bilateral diffuse uveitis. Patients report an insidious onset of blurry vision, pain, epiphora, and photophobia in the sympathizing, non-injured eye. Classically this is accompanied by conjunctival injection and a granulomatous anterior chamber reaction with mutton-fat keratic precipitates [KPs] on the corneal endothelium. In the posterior segment, the extent of inflammation can vary. Systemic corticosteroids are the first line therapy for SO. If patients are non-responsive to steroid therapy or have clinically significant side effects, cyclosporine, azathioprine or other immunosuppressive agents can be used for long-term immunomodulatory therapy