RESUMO
Background: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing public health threat worldwide. The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens causing both hospital- and community-acquired infections is a serious threat to public health world-wide. This inappropriate and non-judicious usage of antibiotics has resulted in the development of worldwide antibiotic resistance in bacteria, leading to the emergence of multi-resistant strains of bacterial pathogens. This study focuses on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae group of organisms in urine samples and also detects various methods of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance detection may be useful for epidemiological and research purposes, as well as for preventing the spread of drug-resistant organisms within hospitals through good infection control practices. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to detect occurrence of ?-lactamases, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and Carbapenemase by phenotypic methods in Enterobacteriaceae from urine samples along with pattern of antibiotic resistance for various antibiotics in them. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary-care hospital. Testing of ESBL and carbapenemase production detection done according to CLSI (M100) guideline by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, combination disc diffusion test, and modified Carbapenem inactivation method. Results: A total of 220 Enterobacteriaceae organisms were isolated from processed urine samples of tertiary care Hospitals. Rate of cephalosporin resistance in ESBL and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is more than 90% while in non-ESBL more than 70% and in non-CRE 75–80%. Carbapenem resistance in ESBL and non-ESBL is the same. Resistance to fluoroquinolone group, Aminoglycoside group, and Cotrimoxazole and Tetracycline group of antibiotics were more noticed in ESBL and carbapenemase producing organisms. In our study, fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin are effective treatment in case of ESBL and CRE producing organism. Conclusion: The ESBL and Carbapenemase producing isolates were multi-drug resistant making therapeutic choices limited. Fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin are effective treatment in multidrug resistance urinary tract infection.
RESUMO
The principal objective of the present study was to check the antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes isolated from soil samples collected from the fields of Arachis hypogea L. and Gossipium herbaceum L. against different plant pathogenic strains. Various soil samples were isolated from fields located near the Junagadh district, Gujarat, India. Isolation was followed by a serial dilution process which was later plated on Actinomycete Isolation Agar (AIA) media. Potential colonies were subjected to screening, purification, and storage in glycerol stock. Morphological and Biochemical characterization of the isolates was performed. Isolated candidates were subjected to extraction for the production of the antimicrobial compound. The antimicrobial activity of the purified extract of isolates was tested. Total 30 actinomycete isolates were evaluated for antagonistic activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Isolates C-25, C-15, and G-1 showed the best results in the decreasing order of their potency against fungal pathogens, and C-5, C-25, C-14, and C-13 showed the best results in decreasing order of potency against bacterial pathogens. 3 isolates inhibited all 4 test fungi. 10 isolates inhibited 3 test fungi. 11 isolates inhibited 2 test fungi. 6 isolates did not inhibit any test fungi. 4 isolates show potent inhibition. 15 inhibited Macrophomina. C-10 showed a 1 cm inhibition zone & G-1 showed a 0.8 cm zone of inhibition. 12 isolates gave 0.2-0.6 cm zone and 15 isolates gave negative results against Macrophomina. C-10 showed a very potent zone of inhibition of 0.7 cm. 9 isolates showed a 0.1-0.5 cm zone of inhibition. 20 isolates did not show inhibition against Fusarium. 1 isolate C-11(a) gave the 1cm potent zone of inhibition. 15 isolates gave the 0.7-0.2cm inhibition of the growth. 14 isolates gave negative results against Alternaria fungus. From these results, it was concluded that isolates had antibacterial and antifungal activities and could be used in the development of new antibiotics for pharmaceutical or agricultural purposes.