The Innervation Of Brachialis Muscle By Radial Nerve In Gujarat Region - A Human Cadaveric Study

Background: Though the supply to the human brachialis muscle by radial nerve has been investigated by manyauthors in past, but there is no consistency in these reports. The aim of the present study was to record theanatomical variations in radial nerve supply to the brachialis muscle.Materials and Methods: The material of the study consisted of 62 superior extremities obtained from dissectionlaboratory of department of anatomy, Medical College Baroda (Gujarat). All these extremities belonged to adultcadavers of known sex.Human brachialis muscle was identified with its proximal and distal attachment. The radial nerve branchinnervating to brachialis was identified and parameters like presence or absence of radial nerve branchinnervating to brachialis; number of branches; its length; site of emergence and its distance from lateral epicondyleand site of entry into brachialis were noted.Result: Brachialis muscle was innervated by a branch from radial nerve in 87.09% of cases. Varying number ofradial nerve branches (1 to 3) innervated the brachialis muscle. Most of these branches (91.93%) entered thelower one third of the muscle. The average length of these muscular branches was 9.17mm. The average distancefrom the site of emergence to the lateral epicondyle of humerus was 6.54 cm.Conclusion: Significant variations in supply of brachialis muscle were recorded. These variations are of clinicalimportance for surgeons, orthopaedicians and anaesthetists.

A volumetric study of hippocampus in cadaveric human brains

Background: Hippocampus is one of the key parts of limbic system. It is located in the floor of the inferior hornof lateral ventricle.Materials and methods: The study is conducted on 50 Hippocampi removed from 25 cadaveric brains in MedicalCollege Baroda, Gujarat. The volume of each is measured by water displacement method.Results: It is observed that the mean volume for the sample is 2.26+0.88cc. The mean volume on right side is2.37+0.88cc and on the left side is 2.12+0.88cc. The mean volumes seen in male and female hippocampi are2.14+0.70cc and 2.52+1.21cc respectively. The mean volume in the age group 60-80 years is 2.55+0.65cc and inthe age group 81 years onwards, it is 2.0+1.03cc. The difference in volumes of the two age groups is found to bestatistically significant.Conclusion: The study will be useful to anatomists, Neurologists, Neurosurgeons and psychiatrists alike.

An Anthropometric Study Of Nasal Index With Its Clinical Correlation

Background: Nose is an important anatomical and physiological part of face. Its anatomy considerably affectsits function of inhalation and temperature regulation of inspired air. The anatomy is affected by genetic, racialas well as geographical factors. The aim of the study was to measure nasal height and width in the populationbeing studied so as to calculate nasal index and classify noses on the basis of calculated index.Materials and method: The study was conducted on 159 healthy volunteers aged 18-25 years in Medical CollegeBaroda, Gujarat. Nasal height and Nasal width were measured by digital vernier caliper and the nasal index wascalculated. The type of nose was determined on the basis of the nasal index.Results: In the present study the mean nasal index is found to be 73.28+10. Mean nasal index is observed as106.46+6.24 in males & 71.94+8.02 in females. The t test value calculated is 26.725 at CI 95% with P<0.0001showing highly significant difference in nasal indices of male and female. Mesorrhine is the commonest nasaltype found.Conclusion: The study will be highly useful to plastic surgeons, craniofacial surgeons, otolaryngologists,anatomists, forensic experts, orthodontists and medical illustrators alike.

Morphometric Analysis Of Foramen Magnum In Adult Human Dry Skull Of Gujarat Region

Background: Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum of dry human skulls in Gujarat region was carriedout to demonstrate the anatomical variations in morphology. The measurements of the foramen magnum areclinically important because vital structures passing through it. There are certain diseases associated withcompression of structure present in foramen magnum like arnold chiari malformation (tonsillar herniation),achondroplasia, stenosis of foramen magnum, meningioma and atlanto-occipital fusion.Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure anteroposterior & transverse diameter of foramen magnum,surface area and index of foramen magnum and to observe its various shapes.Materials and methods: 326 dry skulls of adult human being were studied. Antero-posterior and TransverseDiameter were measured by using a digital vernier caliper. The surface area and foramen magnum index werecalculated. The cranial base was visually assessed for the shape of foramen magnum.Results: The mean antero-posterior and transverse diameter of the foramen magnum were 34.18 ± 2.74 mm and28.49 ± 2.13 mm respectively. The mean surface area and the foramen magnum index were 766.86 ± 104.76 mm2and 83.60 ± 6.21 mm respectively. The percentages of different shapes of foramen magnum were: Oval (42.33%),Round (32.82%), Tetragonal (8.59%), Hexagonal (7.67%), Pentagonal (4.60%), and irregular (3.99%).Conclusion: The knowledge of various dimensions & shape of the foramen magnum help to determine somemalformations like arnold chiari syndrome in which the transverse diameter is increased. The antero-posteriordiameter of foramen magnum was more than the transverse diameter and most common shape of foramenmagnum was found to be Oval.

Study of ATD Angle, Finger Ridge Count in Pulmonar Tuberculosis Patients.

Objective: To determine whether the Dermatoglyphics parameters in Pulmonary tuberculosis patients (sputum smear positive cases) and normal healthy controls were differ or not. Materials and Methods: In present study 100 cases (77 males and 23 females) of Pulmonary tuberculosis (sputum smear positive) in the age group of 18 to 70 were collected and studied for Dermatoglyphics parameters such as ‘ATD’ angle, total and absolute finger ridge counts. These parameters of cases were compared to those of 100 unrelated healthy subjects (controls) and analyzed for statistical significance. Results and conclusion: In present study we observed decrease ‘ATD’ angle in both hands of male and female cases as compared to controls that difference was statistically highly significant. There were no statistically significant difference observed in total finger ridge count (TFRC) and absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) of cases compared to controls. Dermatoglyphics can be used for screening tool for Pulmonary tuberculosis contacts for genetic susceptibility to disease as a cost effective, noninvasive harmless technique.

Study of ATD Angle and Finger Ridge Count in Leprosy Patient of Bhavnagar District.

Introduction: The ATD angle and finger ridge count, are palmar dermatoglyphics features of an individual. During the first & second trimester of pregnancy epidermal growth occur in stages and result in an increase epidermal thickness. Epidermal ridges begin to appear in embryos at 10th week and are permanently established by 17th weeks. The types of pattern develop in palm & soles are genetically determined. They are of considerable clinical interest because they affected by certain anomalies of early development including genetic disease. Objective: There are certain genetic (Chromosomal), Non chromosomal & metabolic disease shows particular palmer dermatoglyphics features so in this study we were trying to find out the difference in dermatoglyphics features in leprosy patient and control group. Materials and Methods: The sample consists of 100 cases of leprosy in age group of 18-60 year from Bhavnagar district. The finger print and palm print were taken by using ink & pad method and Compared with Control group of 18-60 years. The dermatoglyphics parameter like ATD angle, TFRC & AFRC were studied and evaluated for statistical significance. Results and Conclusion: There was statistically significant difference was observed in ATD angle as compared with control. There was no statistically significant difference observed in TFRC & AFRC as compared with control. The dermatoglyphics features can be useful diagnostically to differentiate the leprosy patient and control group.

Cellular Effect of Curcumin and Citral Combination on Breast Cancer Cells: Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: The unmanageable side effects caused by current chemotherapy regimens to treat cancer are an unresolved problem. Although many phytonutrients are useful as chemoprevention without side effects, their effects are slower and smaller than conventional chemotherapy. In the present work, we examined the cumulative effect of two phytonutrients, curcumin and citral, on breast cancer cell lines and compared their effect with the known chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. METHODS: Using cultured breast cancer and normal epithelial cells, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of curcumin and citral was evaluated in vitro. The synergistic effect of curcumin and citral was calculated by a combination index study using the method by Chou and Talalay. Cell death pathways and mechanisms were analyzed by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic protein levels. RESULTS: Curcumin and citral caused dose and time dependent cell death and showed a synergistic effect at effective concentration EC50 and above concentrations in breast cancer cells without disturbing normal breast epithelial cells. With combination curcumin and citral treatment, apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in breast cancer cells were observed. Curcumin and citral generated ROS and activated p53 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 mediated apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that curcumin and citral in combination may be a useful therapeutic intervention for breast cancer.

Identification of Helicobacterpylori by different conventional staining techniques and its comparison with polymerase chain reaction

To evaluate Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] detection by histological staining methods, and to compare with those of Gram staining and polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Shree P. M. Patel Paramedical College, Anand, Gujarat, India on 436 patients attending the Deep Surgical Hospital, Anand, Gujarat between February 2008 and October 2011. Biopsies were subjected to histological staining using Hematoxylin and Eosin [H and E], Giemsa, and Warthin-Starry stains, as well as with Gram staining. The PCR was performed on 71 biopsy samples. Sensitivity and negative predictive values of all 3 histological stains [Warthin-Starry, H and E, and Giemsa] were excellent. Gram staining showed excellent results pertaining to sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy. Sensitivity of PCR was remarkably low compared to all the staining methods. The sensitivity of all histological stains was found better than PCR. From the findings in our study, we conclude that in a mediocre laboratory, where PCR facility is not available, histological stain can be a better substitute for the diagnosis of H. pylori. Our findings also confirm the assertion that Gram staining is a preferred stain, affordable, reliable, and simple means for identifying H. pylori compared with both histology and PCR

Study of pterion and incidence of epipteric bones in dry human skulls of Gujarat.

Background: Pterion is present in floor of temporal fossa which is a meeting point of four bones, frontal and parietal bone superiorly and the greater wing of sphenoid and squamous temporal bone inferiorly. It is ‘H-shaped’ in most of the skulls. The most common variation is in its shape and presence of epipteric bone. Aim : To report the various types of pterion and incidence of epipteric bones in the human skulls and to compare with other racial groups from previous study. Methods: The present study was conducted using 311 dry, grossly normal human skulls from sources in Gujarat. Different types of pterion and the presence of epipteric bones were observed. Results: In the present study sphenoparietal variety of pterion was predominant and the incidence of epipteric bone was 11.73%. Conclusion: Knowledge of the presence of epipteric bones are important to prevent complications during burr hole surgery and to prevent misdiagnosis of fracture skull at the site of pterion.

Evaluation of the effect of presence of blood in the stomach on endoscopic diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection.

Introduction: Presence of blood in the stomach has been thought to affect the performance of diagnostic tests used in detecting Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the stomach. This study evaluated the effect of blood on the efficacy of rapid urease test (RUT) and microscopic appearance of the biopsy after staining with Giemsa stain. Materials and Methods: Patients with bleeding oesophageal varices who met the inclusion criteria were tested for H. pylori by RUT and microscopic examination of the biopsy. A repeat endoscopy, RUT and histology were done one month following initial presentation. The performance of the diagnostic tests was evaluated with and without the presence of intraluminal blood. A combined result of the two tests, RUT and histology, carried out in presence or absence of blood for the diagnosis of H. pylori, when considered together was considered as the gold standard. Results: Thirty six patients included in the study were in the ages ranging between 15-60 years (mean age = 44.14 years ±2.1). The combination of tests at both visits showed 20/36 (55.6%) patients were positive for H. pylori. The decrease in H. pylori positivity in the presence of blood was significant for RUT (8.3% vs. 38.9%; P=0.005) and combined test (19.4% vs. 47.2%; P=0.02) but the decrease in positivity for histology (11.1% vs 30.6%) was not significant (P=0.08). In the presence of blood, the sensitivity of RUT, histology and combined tests were 15%, 20% and 35%, respectively. In the absence of blood, the sensitivity of RUT, histology and combination of tests was 70%, 55% and 85%, respectively. Conclusion: Blood in the stomach significantly decreased the sensitivity of RUT, histology and the combination of both. Negative results of these tests in acute upper gastro intestinal (GI) bleeding should therefore be interpreted carefully.

A hospital-based study of splenomegaly with special reference to the group of indeterminate origin.

In any study there remains a proportion of cases, about 25-40%, where cause of splenomegaly is not identified on usual evaluation, that is labelled as indeterminate group. The aim of this study was to evaluate various causes of splenomegaly. Thereafter the patients with splenomegaly of indeterminate origin were to be re-evaluated with detailed investigations (for the cause of splenomegaly). Causes of splenomegaly were looked into 100 adult patients with splenomegaly, admitted over a period of ten months in a teaching hospital in South India. Patients having ascites were excluded from the study. Malaria was the commonest cause of splenomegaly, observed in 22 patients. Other causes, in order of importance, were chronic myeloid leukaemia (n=11), non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (n=9), enteric fever (n=9), cirrhosis of liver (n=8) and hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly also called as tropical splenomegaly syndrome (n=7) and so on. Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly was the commonest cause (7 of 24 patients) of massive splenomegaly. Twenty-three patients had splenomegaly of indeterminate origin ie, cause could not be detected on first assessment. Detailed re-evaluation with repeat investigations including liver biopsy revealed the causes as follows: Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly -7 (30.4%), non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis - 4 (17.4%), cirrhosis of liver - 4 (17.4%) and iron deficiency anaemia - 5 (21.7%). In 3 patients (13.0%), no diagnosis could be arrived at despite best efforts. Obscure splenomegalies may be due to conditions like hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly, non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis, iron deficiency anaemia, and even cirrhosis of liver, while malaria is still the most important cause of splenomegaly in India. Whereas the overall incidence of hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly was only 7% in this study, it stood as the leading cause (29.2%), when analysed among patients with massive splenomegaly. Liver biopsy should be performed in all cases of obscure splenomegaly to arrive at the final diagnosis.

Clinicopathological predictors to predict sustained viral response rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains suboptimal, with the current pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin combination therapy providing sustained viral response (SVR) rates of 54 - 63%. The aim of this study was to identify clinical, laboratory and histological findings that can predict non-response to this treatment. METHODS: Medical records of patients who had completed PEG-IFN and ribavirin therapy for chronic HCV infection between December 2002 and November 2005 and had undergone a liver biopsy prior to starting treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Data on various clinical and biochemical parameters were extracted and liver biopsy slides were reviewed by a pathologist who was blinded to the clinical and laboratory findings. RESULTS: Of 67 patients studied (mean [SD] age 46.3 [6.3] years; 36 men), 42/57 (74%) had an early viral response (EVR) and 37/64 (58%) had an SVR. On univariate analysis, absence of EVR (p=0.0002), non-white race (p=0.008), AST/ALT ratio > or = 1.0 (p=0.008), INR > or = 1.0 (p=0.02) and presence of steatosis > or = 5% on liver biopsy (p=0.03) were associated with lack of SVR. In multivariate analysis, all of these except INR were significant independent predictors of SVR. CONCLUSIONS: Absence of EVR, non-white race, AST/ALT ratio > or = 1.0 and presence of steatosis > or = 5% on liver biopsy are independent predictors of absence of SVR in patients with chronic HCV infection receiving PEG-IFN and ribavirin combination treatment.

Fetus in fetu or differentiated teratomas?

Two cases of congenital teratoma were operated upon. In view of the high degree of organoid differentiation of the teratomas with rudimentary limbs, intestine, brain-like and pulmonary tissues, it was difficult to distinguish it from fetus-in-fetu. In the light of the data obtained and extensive review of related literature, we consider that fetus-in-fetu and teratoma may not be unrelated entities. Our cases support the view held that fetuses in fetu are highly differentiated teratomas.

Laparoscopic control of spontaneous external hemorrhage from umbilical varix.

Spontaneous external hemorrhage from an umbilical varix is rare. We describe a 40-year-old man with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, who presented with recurrent external bleeding from an umbilical varix. The first episode was controlled by transfixation of the vein under local anesthesia. Contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrated a hugely distended recanalized umbilical vein arising from the left branch of the portal vein and ending in the umbilical cicatrix. Recurrent bleeding necessitated laparoscopy and in-situ clipping of the bleeding vein in the falciform ligament. At six months' follow up the patient has no further bleeding.

Isolation and characterization of nickel uptake by nickel resistant bacterial isolate (NiRBI) / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Bioremediation technology has gained importance because microbes could be the convenient source of bio-absorption/bioaccumulation of metals from effluent streams.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The nickel-resistant bacterial isolates (NiRBI) were selected from various bacterial isolates from industrial effluent and grown in nutrient broth containing different concentrations of nickel sulfate (0.3-3.0 mmol/L) and their capability of accumulating metal from the medium.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Well-defined growth of NiRBI was observed in the medium containing up to 2.5 mmol/L of nickel. The isolate was identified using 16S rRNA and closely related to Pseudomonas fragi. Maximum accumulation of nickel (0.59 mg/g dry weight of bacterial cells) was observed when NiRBI was grown in media containing 2 mmol/L of nickel. The protein profile of the NiRBI cellular extract by SDS-PAGE showed two metal stress-induced proteins of molecular weight 48 KD and 18 KD with a simultaneous down regulation of four proteins of 46.7 KD, 42.2 KD, 19.7 KD, and 4.0 KD.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>48 KD and 18 KD proteins play a role in metal resistance mechanism by NiRBI.</p>

Anterior or posterior gastro-jejunostomy with truncal vagotomy for duodenal ulcer--are they functionally different?

Truncal vagotomy with gastrojejunostomy (GJ) is the standard treatment for chronic cicatrizing duodenal ulcer with gastric outlet obstruction. We tried to determine if a significant functional difference exists in the early and late outcomes following anterior and posterior types of GJ to treat this condition. The case records of 106 patients who underwent truncal vagotomy and GJ at our institute from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1999 were studied retrospectively. Patients were followed up with a personal interview. Perioperative and long-term parameters were compared in the anterior and posterior G.I. groups. Sixty-five patients (61.32%) were followed up; 31 in the anterior group and 34 in the posterior group. The median follow-up was 5 years (range 2.5-7.5 years). Except for a significant difference in length of afferent loop (p < 0.0001), there were no significant differences in the duration of hospital stay, nasogastric aspirates on postoperative days 1, 2, 3 and 4 and the day the nasogastric tube was removed. Early postoperative complications were uncommon and not different in the two groups and long-term outcomes were similar. The Anterior GJ, being technically easier and needing less operative time, may be advocated in all cases of chronic duodenal ulcer, with gastric outlet obstruction requiring truncal vagotomy and drainage.