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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis in India, affecting over 15 million adults every year. One in two adults will develop symptoms of knee OA, while one in four adults will development symptoms of hip OA by the age 85 and one in 12 people above 60 years or older have hand OA. Although OA occurs in people of all ages, osteoarthritis is most common in people older than 65. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis is 22% - 32% in India; commonly females are more affected than males as the age progress. 5 More than half of those with arthritis are under 65 years of age. OA knee increases with age (older than 50 years), especially in women. According to a survey, anywhere from 6% to over 13% of men, but between 7% and 19% of women, resulting in a 45% less risk of incidence in men. According to Kallgren Lawrence scale, knee joints symptoms, it states that middle-aged individual feel less pain as compared to elderly age individual and knee joint examination shows inflammation, swelling, scar, shape alteration, muscle wasting present in lesser individual among middle age group as compared to elderly age group. Lastly 15% of middle age screened participants were having hypokalaemia(<6.7%mg/dl), as compared to 18% of elderly age group and 42% of middle- aged participants were having vit. D3 deficiency as compared to 45% of elderly age group participants, which shows that as the age progresses the participants of hypokalaemia increased and with the age increase, vit. D3 deficiency also increases, and which play major role in severity and complication of OA. 411 patients (<60 year = 201; >60 year = 210) were studied for osteoarthritis of knee joint symptoms, signs, investigation at Shri Shivram Nathu Ji Tak Government Satellite Hospital Mandore, AGH: Dr S N Medical Collage, Jodhpur (Raj.) during January 2019 to October 2019. Osteoarthritis is more prevalent in females (58%). Osteoarthritis is more common in active physical worker, especially in females due to their job profile like prolong standing and squatting (for doing household moping etc).Vitamin D3 level and deficiency not significantly similar in both groups due to the regular supplementation. Left knee of both age group was found more common, we cannot find any explanation for this, further studies to be done upon this.
RESUMO
Background: Tooth eruption is a physiological process in which the tooth migrates from the maxillary bone towards the oral cavity, at the end of which teeth find their place on the arch creating vicinity relations according to a genetic code characteristic to each individual. Dental eruption begins with the eruption of the first primary teeth around 6 months and finishes at 2 years and a half for primary teeth, and around 18-25 years for permanent teeth, when the third molar erupts. Aim: The teeth’s eruption and devlopment is, usually, related to the child’s chronological age, but there can also be some variations. The aim of this study was to analyze the pattern of eruption of teeth, to define any variation in eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth. Material and methods: 500 female children from pre primary and primary Government school, and Dental outpatient department within the age group of 0-12 years were randomly examined and range of time of eruption of teeth was calculated for central and lateral incisors, canines, premolars,1st and 2nd molars, in both maxilla and mandible. Results: It was found that in case of deciduous teeth, in the study population, lateral incisors, canines and first molars erupted earlier in the upper jaw and the central incisors, and second molars erupted earlier in the lower jaw. In the case of permanent teeth all the teeth i.e. central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first pre molars and second pre molars erupted earlier in lower jaw. Only the first and second molars erupted earlier in the upper jaw. Conclusion: Tooth eruption time and sequence are important factors in dental treatment planning, particularly in orthodontics, but also in forensic dentistry to estimate age of a child. It was concluded that the eruption of teeth was earlier in mandible (lower jaw) than in maxilla (upper jaw) in the case of permanent teeth.
RESUMO
Background: Dimensions of kidney form an extremly important parameter for diagnosis and prognosis of renal pathologies. Dimensions vary according to the geographical locations, racial variations, diet, environment and frequency of pathologies. Renal sizes in Indian population although studied frequently have not been standardized. Aim: The study was aimed at establishing Aim: The study was aimed at establishing some preliminary data of normal North Indian population, without a known renal pathology. Material and methods: Renal measurements i.e., length, width and parenchymal thickness were measured in 164 individuals, both males and females and their renal volume was calculated. The volume was then correlated with the age of the individuals. Analysis was then done for variability due to age, gender and laterality. Results: It was found that the males showed the maximum volume for both the right and the left kidneys in the fourth decade, where as the females had a maximum volume in the third decade. Volume tended to decrease after the fourth decade. The volume of the left kidney was more as compared to that of right side for both the males and females. Conclusion: Renal sizes of Indian are invariably lesser as compared to commonly quoted normal values in standard literatures. Inferences about renal sizes need to be made with reference to racial and regional variations rather than basing them on data from other population.
RESUMO
Background: Despite enormous volume of research devoted to the skeletogenous and to the quantitative studies of the developing and mature skeleton, the growth of skull in respect to its surface area is still never been comprehensively studied. Since classical study of Streeter reported gestational age estimation from crown-rump length (CRL), numerous investigators have studied and reported various measures of fetal growth during pregnancy such as biparietal diameter, diaphyseal length of long bones and even cephalometric growth analysis. Present study was done in dried fetal skull bones by calculation of their external surface area and estimation of linear correlation with crown-rump length and hence determination of gestational age. Aim: To establish the correlation between the external surface area of right parietal bone and crown-rump length, to predict fetal age from crown-rump length and circulation of growth rate of right parietal bone. Material and methods: Fifty apparently normal fetuses ranging from 12 cm -42 cm CR length of both sexes were obtained from the Departmen of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of our native hospital. After measuring crown-rump length of each fetal skull after removing brain tissue via foramen magnum was then kept for maceration in running tap water. After complete maceration and separation of right parietal skull bone, measurement of external surface area of right parietal skull bone was obtained using wet cotton cloth, marker pen and graph paper. Results: The regression values were plotted in the graph and these values were found to cluster around the standard straight line and are in hand with the straight line indicating highly significant results. Conclusion: In the present study, CR length was estimated from external surface area of right parietal bone. A definite correlation was observed between external surface area of right parietal bone and CR length.
RESUMO
The success of anti-cancer drug targeting is depends on the ability of the therapeutics to reach their desirable cellular and intracellular sites and minimizing action at the nonspecific sites. In the present study, anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2, ErbB2) antibody anchored nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated for the assessment of targeting potential in breast cancer cell. In an attempt for comparison of carrier system for site-selective delivery, docetaxel loaded PLGA nanoparticles, PLGA-PEG nanoparticles and PLGA-PEG immunonanoparticles capable of targeting breast cancer were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The drug-loaded nanoparticles were characterized for their size and size distribution, surface charge, drug encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release. Our results demonstrate that docetaxel loaded PLGA-PEG immunonanoparticles strongly enhances the site specific uptake and high cytotoxic effect at targeted sites, as compared with PLGA, PLGA-PEG nanoparticles. In conclusion polymeric immunonanoparticles could be a promising carrier for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancers.