Anatomical feasibility of fenestrated stent graft to treat complex abdominal aortic aneurysms from a Korean single institute database

Purpose@#This study aims to investigate the feasibility of Zenith Fenestrated AAA Endovascular Graft (Z-FEN, Cook Medical) from a single Korean institution database by evaluating the vascular anatomy of Korean abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients with hostile aortic neck. @*Methods@#This is a retrospective study on patients with AAA who underwent endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) and open surgery repair between January 2012 and December 2021 (n = 211). The anatomic characteristics of the aortic neck were evaluated using 3-dimensional reconstructed computed tomographic scans. For the juxtarenal AAA patients (n = 39), feasibility of fenestrated stent graft was evaluated under the protocol of fenestrated EVAR. For those who were not suitable for the application of Z-FEN, the reasons for unsuitability were analyzed. @*Results@#Among 211 AAA patients, 108 patients (51.2%) had complex aortic neck, and 39 (18.5%) had insufficient aortic neck length (<15 mm) for conventional EVAR. Of the 39 patients with juxtarenal AAAs, 13 (33.3%) were determined feasible for Z-FEN. Twenty-six patients (66.7%) were noncandidate for Z-FEN due to severe neck angulation, short aortic neck length, inadequate iliac artery anatomy, large aortic neck diameter, and severe calcification and thrombosis. Proximal aortic neck length of the non-feasible group was significantly shorter than that of the feasible group (P = 0.002). @*Conclusion@#Z-FEN was applicable to 33.3% of the juxtarenal AAA patients. As recent studies confirm, the effectiveness and safety of fenestrated EVAR, Z-FEN can be an option for AAA patients with short aortic neck.

Characteristics and Effect of Rivaroxaban on Venous Thromboembolism in Korean Patients Compared to Western Population: A Subgroup Analysis from XALIA(-LEA) Study

Purpose@#This study aimed to compare the characteristics of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) in Korean to Caucasian population. @*Materials and Methods@#XALIA-LEA and XALIA were phase IV non-interventional prospective studies with identical designs that investigated the effect of rivaroxaban versus standard anticoagulation for VTE. Koreans accounted for the largest proportion of the overall enrolled population of XALIA-LEA. However, in the XALIA study, most patients were Caucasian. Therefore, Korean data from XALIA-LEA and Caucasian data from XALIA were used in this study. This study compared the clinical characteristics and primary outcomes of the XALIA program, including major bleeding, recurrent VTE, and all-cause mortality. @*Results@#The Korean population was older, was less obese, and had more active cancer at baseline than the Caucasian population. Provoked VTE was more common in the Korean population. Interestingly, Koreans showed less accompanying thrombophilia than Caucasians, and factor V Leiden mutations were not detected. Korean analyses comparing the effects of rivaroxaban and standard anticoagulation with primary outcomes showed a lower incidence of major bleeding, recurrent VTE, and all-cause mortality with rivaroxaban. Similar results were obtained in the propensity score matching analysis. @*Conclusion@#Characteristic differences were found between Korean and Caucasian VTE patients. Despite these ethnic differences, the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban therapy in these patients were consistent.

Retroperitoneal Viscum album extract instillation in patients with a large amount of drainage after kidney transplantation

Purpose@#After kidney transplantation (KT), a large amount of drainage can delay postoperative recovery. Viscum album extract is an agent used in pleurodesis, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this agent in reducing the amount of drainage after KT. @*Methods@#Medical records of patients with a large amount of drainage (≥ 100 mL/day) on postoperative day (POD) 7 after KT who had undergone V. album extract instillation through drainage tube (n = 115) or conservative management (n = 177) were retrospectively reviewed. The primary endpoint was a decrease in the amount of drainage on POD 14 from POD 7. @*Results@#A decrease in the amount of drainage on POD 14 from POD 7 was larger in the V. album extract instillation group than in the conservative management group (–228.3 ± 181.6 mL vs. –144.6 ± 202.0 mL, P < 0.001). Duration of hospitalization after operation was shorter in the V. album extract instillation group than in the conservative management group (15.9 ± 3.2 days vs. 18.1 ± 5.3 days, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant association of V. album extract instillation with lower risk of persistent large amount of drainage (≥ 100 mL/day on POD 14), with an odds ratio of 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.93; P = 0.026). @*Conclusion@#Retroperitoneal V. album extract instillation could be effective in reducing the amount of drainage and promoting postoperative recovery in patients with a large amount of drainage after KT.

Early experiences of endovascular aneurysm repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms

PURPOSE: The use of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (r-AAA) is steadily increasing. We report early experiences of EVAR for r-AAA performed in two tertiary referral centers in Korea. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed r-AAA patients treated by EVAR from May 2013 to December 2017. An EVAR-first strategy for r-AAA was adopted whenever feasible. The demographic information, anatomic characteristics, operative details, postoperative complications with special attention to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and 30-day mortality were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: We identified 13 patients who underwent EVAR for r-AAA. Mean age was 74.2 years and mean AAA size was 74.2 mm. Two patients underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation at initial presentation. Bifurcated stent grafts were used in 12 out of 13 cases and physician-modified endografts with fenestrated/chimney techniques were performed in 2 cases with short neck. Successful stent graft deployment was achieved in all cases. Three patients were suspected of having ACS and 2 of them underwent laparotomy for decompression. The 30-day mortality was 7.7% (1 of 13), the only mortality being a patient that refused decompressive laparotomy for suspected ACS. CONCLUSION: Despite the small numbers, the outcomes of EVAR for treatment of r-AAA were very promising, even in selected cases with unfavorable anatomy. These outcomes were achieved by a dedicated and well-trained team approach, and by use of high-end angiographic technology. Finally, ACS after EVAR is not uncommon, and requires a high index of suspicion as well as liberal use of decompressive surgery.

Treatment options for isolated iliac artery aneurysms and their impact on aortic diameter after treatment

PURPOSE: Isolated iliac artery aneurysm (IIAA) is uncommon. It is frequently treated by endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). This study was to evaluate treatment results of IIAA and survey aortic diameter after EVAR. METHODS: Patients treated for IIAA in Seoul St. Mary's Hospital and Bundang Seoul National University from 2005 to April 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. The inclusion criteria of IIAA was >30 mm of iliac artery aneurysm without abdominal aortic aneurysm, which was treated by open surgical repair (OSR) or EVAR. Patients' clinical characteristics, treatment results, and mortality were obtained from electronic medical records. Diameters of aorta and iliac arteries were measured periodically with scheduled interval based on CT scans. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients (40 males; mean age, 71.9 ± 11.1 years) were enrolled. Five ruptured IIAAs were treated with EVAR (n = 1) or hybrid methods (n = 4). The diameter of ruptured IIAAs was 65 ± 31.4 mm, which was not significantly different from that of elective (44.3 ± 17.0 mm). Forty-four elective IIAA underwent 9 OSR, 31 EVARs, and 3 hybrid treatments (15 bifurcated and 12 straight stent-grafts). Treatment success rate was 93.8% without hospital mortality. There were 4 type I endoleak, 1 type II endoleak, and 1 type III endoleak without aneurysm-related mortality during follow-up. However, the aortic diameter was increased over time though there was no change or decrease in common iliac artery's diameter. CONCLUSION: Treatment of IIAA included various endovascular modalities as well as open surgery. Regular surveillance is still needed due to aortic dilatation after its treatment.

Open Surgical Repair Using the Femoral Vein for a Mycotic Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) aneurysms are rare and often fatal. A 72-year-old man had previously been admitted to the emergency room with epigastric pain and heart murmur. The echocardiographic diagnosis was vegetation on the aortic and mitral valves, with moderate regurgitation from both valves due to infective endocarditis. No aneurysm was detected on abdominal computed tomography, and emergency double-valve replacement was performed. On postoperative day 25, the patient experienced abrupt abdominal pain, and computed tomography revealed a mycotic SMA aneurysm. Open surgical repair of the SMA aneurysm was performed using the femoral vein, and the patient's postoperative course was uneventful.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: Korean Practice Guidelines

Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis is a serious medical condition that can result in death or major disability due to pulmonary embolism or post-thrombotic syndrome. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment are required to improve symptoms and salvage the affected limb. Early thrombus clearance rapidly resolves symptoms related to venous obstruction, restores valve function and reduces the incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome. Recently, endovascular treatment has been established as a standard method for early thrombus removal. However, there are a variety of views regarding the indications and procedures among medical institutions and operators. Therefore, we intend to provide evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis by multidisciplinary consensus. These guidelines are the result of a close collaboration between interventional radiologists and vascular surgeons. The goals of these guidelines are to improve treatment, to serve as a guide to the clinician, and consequently to contribute to public health care.

Current trends of major arterial diseases in Korea: based on data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service

PURPOSE: This study aims to figure out the changes of the prevalence and management of carotid arterial occlusive diseases (CAOD), abdominal aortic diseases (AAA), and arterial diseases of the lower extremities (LAOD) in Korea over the past 5 years. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service during the period from 2008 to 2012. RESULTS: The number of patients with CAOD increased by about 30% every year. From the year 2008, the number of open surgeries (OS) and endovascular treatments (ET) increased by more than 20% during each of the first 2 years and by 10% every year for 3 years thereafter for CAOD. ET was preferred to OS and occupied 77%-79% of the total number of procedures. The number of patients with AAA increased by 11%-17% every year. ET for AAA occupied 52% of the total number of procedures in 2008 and gradually increased to 70% in 2012. The number of patients who were diagnosed with LAOD fluctuated over the five years. The total number of procedures to treat LAOD increased each year by 20%-25%. ET for LAOD constantly increased by 18%-24% each year and occupied 80%-95% of the total number of procedures. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the incidence of vascular diseases will be increasing as our society ages, not to mention its care costs. The need for long-range plans and guidelines are urgent.

Prevention Effects of Graduated Compression Stockings and Intermittent Pneumatic Compression on Deep Vein Thrombosis in SICU Patients: Pilot Study / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of mechanical interventions for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients. METHODS: The participants were assigned to the intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and graduated compression stocking (GCS) intervention. Patients who met the criteria were selected for comparison from our previous study. Data for 140 patients were included in the final analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 57.5 (+/-15.7) and 61.4% were men. About forty-seven percent of the participants were 61 years or over. In the second duplex scan, 3, 2 and 1 critically ill patients developed deep vein thrombosis in the control, GCS, and IPC groups, respectively. Incidences of DVT were 6.0%, 5.0%, and 2.0% for the control, GCS, and IPC groups, respectively. This difference was not significant. Relative risks of no intervention were 3.0 and 1.2 compared with IPC and GCS application. There were no significantly different variables among the three groups before the intervention except for diagnosis on admission. CONCLUSION: Although it may difficult to conclude that mechanical prophylaxis effectively prevents DVT among SICU patients because there was no statistical significance in this study, but incidence rates among the three groups differed greatly. The findings reveal that further study should be conducted with larger samples and randomized controlled trial for SICU patients.

Internal Iliac Artery Embolization during an Endovascular Aneurysm Repair with Detachable Interlock Microcoils

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of detachable interlock microcoils for an embolization of the internal iliac artery during an endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 40 patients with aortic aneurysms, who had undergone an EVAR between January 2010 and March 2012. Among them, 16 patients were referred for embolization of the internal iliac artery for the prevention of type II endoleaks. Among 16 patients, 13 patients underwent embolization using detachable interlock microcoils during an EVAR. Computed tomographic angiographies and clinical examinations were performed during the follow-up period. Technical success, clinical outcome, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: Internal iliac artery embolizations using detachable interlock microcoils were technically successful in all 13 patients, with no occurrence of procedure-related complications. Follow-up imaging was accomplished in the 13 cases. In all cases, type II endoleak was not observed with computed tomographic angiography during the median follow-up of 3 months (range, 1-27 months) and the median clinical follow-up of 12 months (range, 1-27 months). Two of 13 (15%) patients had symptoms of buttock pain, and one patient died due to underlying stomach cancer. No significant clinical symptoms such as bowel ischemia were observed. CONCLUSION: Internal iliac artery embolization during an EVAR using detachable interlock microcoils to prevent type II endoleaks appears safe and effective, although this should be further proven in a larger population.

Relining technique for continuous sac enlargement and modular disconnection secondary to endotension after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

Endotension is an unpredictable late complication of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). This case report will discuss the successful treatment of enlarged aneurysmal sac due to endotension using the relining technique. An 81-year-old male complained of nondecreasing huge aneurysm sac. He had undergone EVAR for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm 7 years prior and no endoleak was found through follow-up. Initially computed tomography-guided sac aspiration was tried, but in vain, Relining using the double barrel technique and tubular endograft for modular diconnection, which was unexpectedly found in the original endograft, were performed sucessfully. During follow-up after the relining procedure, the size of aneurysm sac continued to decrease in size. The relining technique is effective mothod for treating endotension.

Mechanical thrombectomy-assisted thrombolysis for acute symptomatic portal and superior mesenteric venous thrombosis

Acute portal vein and mesenteric vein thrombosis (PVMVT) can cause acute mesenteric ischemia and be fatal with mortality rate of 37%-76%. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt venous revascularization are warranted in patients with acute symptomatic PVMVT. Due to advances in catheter-directed treatment, endovascular treatment has been used for revascularization of affected vessels in PVMVT. We report two cases of symptomatic PVMVT treated successfully by transhepatic percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy-assisted thrombolysis.

Occurrence and Prognosis of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism in Colorectal Cancer Surgery Patients

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high risk for postoperative thromboembolic complications such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to other surgical diseases, but the relationship between VTE and CRC in Asian patients remains poorly understood. The present study examined the incidence of symptomatic VTE in Korean patients who underwent surgery for CRC. We also identified risk factors, incidence and survival rate for VTE in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were identified from the CRC database treated from January 2011 to December 2012 in a single institution. These patients were classified into VTE and non-VTE groups, their demographic features were compared, and the factors which had significant effects on VTE and mortality between the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: We analyzed retrospectively a total of 840 patients and the incidence of VTE was 3.7% (31 patients) during the follow-up period (mean, 17.2 months). Histologic subtype (mucinous adenocarcinoma) and previous history of VTE affected the incidence of VTE on multivariate analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in survival rate between the VTE and non-VTE group, but VTE wasn't the factor affecting survival rate on multivariate analysis. Comparing differences in survival rate for each pathologic stage, there was only a significant difference in stage II patients. CONCLUSION: Among CRC patients after surgery, the incidence of VTE was approximately 3% within 1 year and development of VTE wasn't a significant risk factor for death in our study but these findings are not conclusive due to our small sample size.

Measurement of Length between Bronchial Carina and Superior Vena Cava-right Atrial Junction for Optimal Positioning of Central Venous Catheters in the Korean Adult Population / 대한혈관외과학회지

PURPOSE: Bronchial carina (BC) is one of the landmarks often used during central venous catheter (CVC) insertion. The aim of this study is to measure the superior vena cava (SVC) length and the length between the BC and the SVC-right atrial junction (LBCSAJ), using chest computed tomography (CT) scans in the Korean adult population, and to review the optimal location for the catheter tip, during CVC access using BC. METHODS: The study subjects were 238 consecutive subjects who underwent a chest CT scan with contrast and 5 mm thickness, in Inha University Hospital, between January 2010 and December 2011. Subjects who had any lung disease were excluded before enrollment. The subjects' clinical characteristics and imaging data were reviewed. The SVC length and LBCSAJ was measured at a 3-dimension workstation (Osirix). RESULTS: The mean age was 56.69+/-4.83 years, mean body weight 61.09+/-11.12 kg, height 161.72+/-9.15 cm, and body mass index (BMI) was 23.07+/-4.45 kg/m2. The mean length of the SVC was 47.67+/-10.92 mm, and the mean LBCSAJ was 30.80+/-9.03 mm. Men have a longer SVC and LBCSAJ than women (52.80+/-10.59 vs. 42.96+/-8.72, P=0.000). The age and height were significant covariates of the SVC length and the LBCSAJ. BMI was a significant covariate of the LBCSAJ in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: An understanding of anatomy and the actual length of the SVC in relation to bronchial carina is important for proper placement of a central venous catheter. This study gives its basic characteristics in the Korean adult population.

Effectiveness of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Thrombosis of Arteriovenous Graft for Hemodialysis by Primary Endovascualr Treatment Strategy / 대한혈관외과학회지

PURPOSE: Acute thrombosis of arteriovenous graft (AVG) has been treated by surgical thrombectomy; however, endovascular treatment became an alternative treatment option recently. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular treatment for acute thrombosis of AVG (EndoAVG) by primary endovascular treatment strategy. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent EndoAVG from January 2003 to December 2010 in Inha University Hospital. The patients' clinical characteristics and EndoAVG procedures were reviewed by electronic charts and X-ray films. Clinical success was defined as the residual stenosis below 30% or success of hemodialysis. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were enrolled. The mean age was 64+/-15.4 years in the success group and 58+/-17.2 years in the failed group. The mean duration from AVG formation to endovascular thrombectomy was 19.2+/-29.5 months. The success rate of EndoAVG was 84.2% (32/38). There were three complications after EndoAVG: two brachial artery thromboses and one rupture of a vein at the ballooning site. Six months, twelve months and twenty-four months secondary patency rate were 77.5%, 65.5%, and 42.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The success rate of EndoAVG was 84.2%. Its result is compatible with open thrombectomy and can be a good alternative option for the treatment of acute thrombosis of AVG. Larger number of cases is required for stronger study.

Early Results of Stenting for Chronic Artherosclerotic Occlusive Disease of Superficial Femoral Artery / 대한혈관외과학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of femoral artery stenting as a treatment of femoral artery occlusive disease, and to compare the primary patency and target lesion revascularization (TLR). METHODS: A retrospective review identified 38 patients who underwent femoral artery stenting from November 2008 to December 2010 in Inha University Hospital. Each lesion was classified according to the Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were collected. RESULTS: Forty cases of femoral artery stenting were done for 38 patients. The indications were claudication (47.4%), rest pain (13.2%), unhealed ulcer (13.2%), and toe gangrene (26.3%). The mean age and mean body mass index (BMI) were 72.50+/-8.19 years, and 23.0+/-0.05 kg/m2. There were 57.9% diabetes mellitus, 65.8% hypertension, 44.7% ischemic heart disease, 39.5% current smoker, 71.1% hyperlipidemia, 28.9% chronic renal failure (creatinine>1.5), 23.7% obesity (BMI>25), and 10.5% stroke. The mean follow-up was 12.1+/-0.03 months. There were no in-hospital mortality and 3 complications: 1 femoral artery dissection and 2 branch perforations. Six patients died and two symptomatic stent fractures were noted during the follow-up. One years' primary patency rate and TLR rate were 81.1% and 5.5%. CONCLUSION: Femoral artery stenting showed good results and can be a reasonable option. TLR can be considered as a new standard to evaluate the endovascular treatment.

Anterior Tibial Artery Angioplasty and Stenting by Retrograde Pedal Artery Approach in Diabetic Patient with Critical Limb Ischemia: A Case Report / 대한혈관외과학회지

Endovascular therapy of critical limb ischemia is indicated in high risk patients, especially the diabetics. The ipsilateral antegrade femoral approach is the most common access site. When this approach fails, the retrograde pedal artery percutaneous approach can be considered. A 51-year-old diabetic male patient was presented with severe rest pain and gangrene on his right 4th toe. Computed tomography angiography showed multilevel calcific arterial occlusive disease, involving the popliteal and proximal anterior tibial arteries. Below knee angioplasty and stenting of the right leg was done through ipsilateral antegrade femoral approach and retrograde pedal artery approach. The C-arm guided retrograde pedal approach for calcific artery was useful for recanalization of the occluded anterior tibial artery when antegrade approach failed.

Peak Systolic Velocity >125 cm/s Overdiagnoses Carotid Artery Stenosis >50% in Carotid Duplex Scan / 대한혈관외과학회지

PURPOSE: Carotid duplex scan is a frequent option for initial carotid artery evaluation. There has been debates about accuracy of peak systolic velocity (PSV) >125 cm/s, which has been used to diagnose >50% carotid artery stenosis (CAS) in most vascular laboratories. This study is conducted to evaluate PSV >125 cm/s as a diagnostic tool for 50%> CAS. METHODS: The retrospective review was done for subjects, who had PSV >125 cm/s in carotid artery screening test in == Hospital from November 2008 to June 2011. The screening study was conducted to healthy senior volunteers to screen CAS. The subject who has PSV >125 cm/s was evaluated by carotid computed tomography (CT) scan. The clinical characteristics were surveyed. RESULTS: One hundred forty seven subjects were diagnosed with CAS using duplex scan from 1,953 subjects who underwent screening tests. Twenty eight with 33 lesions underwent carotid CT scan. There were 71% hypertension, 21% diabetes mellitus, 21% ischemic heart disease, 17% lipid disorder, and 67% smoking history. Seventeen lesions showed >50% CAS while 16 showed 125 cm/s was 49% in this study. For diagnostic accuracy, diagnostic criteria should be established in each vascular lab.

Stent fractures after superficial femoral artery stenting / 대한외과학회지

Stent fracture is one of the major factors compromising implanted stent patency due to its consequences including in-stent restenosis, thrombosis, perforation, and migration. Stent fracture can occur from stress (extrinsic or intrinsic) and biomechanical forces at different implantation sites. We report on 2 cases of stent fractures and pertinent literature. One patient, a 75-year-old male, presented with recurrence of claudication 14 months after superficial femoral artery stenting; a femoral artery occlusion with stent fracture was found, and he underwent femoropopliteal bypass. The other patient, a 72-year-old male presented with recurrence of claudication; a stent fracture was found without femoral artery occlusion, and he was treated with additional femoral artery stenting to secure the fracture site.

Successful treatment of type I endoleak of common iliac artery with balloon expandable stent (Palmaz XL stent) during endovascular aneurysm repair / 대한외과학회지

Type 1 endoleak of common iliac artery (type Ib endoleak) should be treated during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). An 86-year-old female was diagnosed with abdominal aortic aneurysm measuring 6.6 cm in diameter and right internal iliac artery aneurysm measuring 4.0 cm in diameter. She underwent EVAR after right internal iliac artery embolization. There was type Ib endoleak, which was repaired by balloon-expandable stent, Palmaz XL stent (Cordis). We report successful treatment of type Ib endoleak with Palmaz XL stent, which may be considered as an alternative option for type Ib endoleak after EVAR.