Experiments suggesting a role for the platelet-activating factor in hippocampal and amygdala synapses in memory in rats

Platelet-activating factor (1-O-alky1-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, PAF) is present in brain, is released from neurons in culture and, in hippocampal slices, enhances glutamate release and long-term potentiation (LTP) through an action on membrane receptors sensitive to the antagonist, BN 52021. This led to the proposal that PAF may be a retrograde messenger in the genesis of LTP. LTP has been, in turn, proposed as a mechanism of memory. Male Wistar rats were implanted bilaterally with cannulae aimed at the amygdala and the dorsal hippocampus. After recovery from surgery, the animals were trained in step-down inhibitory avoidance using a 0.5 mA footshock, and tested for retention 24 h later. BN 52021 (0.5 mug) was amnestic when given into the hippocampus or the amygdala either before or immediately after training but not 30 min later. The findings support the idea that memory of this task depends on the generation of LTP at the time of training in hippocampus and amygdala, and further suggest that PAF is involved in the development of this LTP.

Evidence that similar neurotransmitter mechanisms in amygdala, hippocampus and medial septum regulate memory consolidation of avoidance behavior in rats

A injeçäo de ácido DL-amino-5-fosfonopentanóico (AP5) ou escopolamina na amígdala, no septo medial ou no hipocampo, imediatamente após o treino, causa amnésia retrógrada para um aprendizado de esquiva inibitória em ratos. A picrotoxina, no entanto, causa facilitaçäo retrógrada da memória e bloqueia o efeito do AP5 e da escopolamina. O timolol näo tem efeito próprio mas cancela as açöes da picrotoxina. O AP5 é um antagonista de receptores a N-metil-D- aspartato (NMDA) dos aminoácidos excitatórios; a escopolamina é um antagonista dos receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos; a picrotoxina bloqueia o canal de cloro estimulado pelos receptores GABA-A; e o timolol é um antagonista dos ß adrenoreceptores. Os resultados indicam que, na amígdala, no septo medial e no hipocampo, receptores NMDA e muscarínicos säo necessários para a consolidaçäo da memória, receptores GABA-A inibem a açäo dos anteriores, e receptores ß noradrenérgicos modulam a açäo dos receptores GABA-A. A amígdala, o septo medial e o hipocampo operam de forma näo redundante na consolidaçäo da memória